empirical study of the evolution of virulence under both horizontal and vertical transmission. Evolution. April 2005, 59 (4): 730–739. PMID 15926685. doi:10

病原溢出

Stephan; Schmid-Hempel, Paul. Shared Use of Flowers Leads to Horizontal Pathogen Transmission. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

真菌病毒

K. I.; Sasaki, A.; Kanematsu, S.; Matsumoto, N.; Yoshida, K. Horizontal transmission and host-virulence attenuation of totivirus in violet root rot

病原体

可以從患病的宿主中傳播時，病原體可以從患病的宿主於傳播時發生進化。相同物種的宿主之間發生水平傳播（Horizontal transmission），與垂直傳播（Vertical transmission）相反，它們傾向於透過把病原體的進化成功與宿主生物的進化成功聯繫起來而發展共生（經過一段時間的高發病率和高死亡率後）。

多巴胺

DC, Koonin EV. Evolution of cell-cell signaling in animals: did late horizontal gene transfer from bacteria have a role?. Trends in Genetics. 2004-07

Found in articles

感染力