黏著法構詞(agglutination、黏著語法構詞)是一種語言學上的詞法學之構詞程序,其中復合詞是將語素串在一起而不用改變其拼寫或語音。廣泛使用黏著法構詞特性的語言稱為黏着語。黏著法構詞的語言中之一語種即土耳其語,比如:黏著法構詞詞彙「evlerinizden」意思為「從你那些房子」這個詞組成的語素是含有多個個別意思的詞素,解析為〈ev-ler-iniz-den〉結構分解之意思為〈房子-(複數/那些)-你的-從〉。
![Thumb](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Trilingv.jpg/320px-Trilingv.jpg)
後綴與前綴
儘管歐洲和亞洲多數黏着語主要使用後綴,但非洲南部的班圖語言以高度複雜的混合前綴、後綴和重疊而聞名。這個語族的一個典型特徵是名詞都歸類為不同的名詞類別。對於每個名詞類別,都有特定的單數和複數前綴,它們也作為主語和動詞之間一致性的標記。此外,名詞決定修飾它的所有詞的前綴,主語也決定同一動詞短語中其它元素的前綴。
例如,斯瓦希里語名詞 -toto(兒童)和 -tu(人)歸類為類別1,單數前綴為 m-,複數前綴為 -wa。名詞 -tabu(書)歸類為類別7,單數前綴為 ki-,複數前綴為 vi-。下列句子可形成:
|
|
|
yu-le
|
m-tu
|
m-moja
|
m-refu
|
a-li
|
y-e
|
ki-soma
|
ki-le
|
ki-tabu
|
ki-refu
|
那個高個的人讀了長書。
wa-le
|
wa-tu
|
wa-wili
|
wa-refu
|
wa-li
|
(w)-o
|
vi-soma
|
vi-le
|
vi-tabu
|
vi-refu
|
`那兩個高個人讀了那些長書。
參考文獻
- Kimmo Koskenniemi & Lingsoft Oy: Finnish Morphological Analyser(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Lingsoft Language Solutions, 1995–2011.
- Bernard Comrie (editor): The World's Major Languages, Oxford University Press, New York – Oxford 1990.
- Keith Denning, Suzanne Kemmer (ed.): On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg, Stanford University Press, 1990. Selected parts are available on googlebooks.
- Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams: An Introduction to Language, Thompson Wadsworth, 2007.
- Joseph H. Greenberg: A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language, 1960. Available through JSTOR and in Denning et al. (1990), p. 3–25. There is also a good a short summary(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
- Gregory Grefenstette, Nasredine Semmar, Faïza Elkateb-Gara: Modifying a Natural Language Processing System for European Languages to Treat Arabic in Information Processing and Information Retrieval Applications, Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages – Workshop Proceedings, University of Michigan 2005, p. 31-38. Available at [1].
- Jan Hajič: Reliving the history: the beginnings of statistical machine translation and languages with rich morphology, IceTAL'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advances in natural language processing, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. Abstract available at [2][永久失效連結].
- Helena Lehečková: Úvod do ugrofinistiky, Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha 1983.
- Robert Lord: Teach Yourself Comparative Linguistics, The English Universities Press Ltd., St Paul's House, London 1967 (first edition 1966).
- Hans Christian Luschützky: Uvedení do typologie jazyků, Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha 2003.
- J. Vendryes: Language – A Linguistic Introduction to History, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., Ltd., London 1925 (translated by Paul Radin)
- Баскаков Н. А. Историко-типологическая морфология тюркских языков: (Структура слова и механизм агглютинации) 1450 экз. М.: Наука. Н. А. Баскаков; Отв. ред. акад. А. Н. Кононов; Институт языкознания АН СССР. 1979 (俄語). (в пер.)(俄文)
- Агглютинация, в лингвистике // Большая советская энциклопедия: В 66 томах (65 т. и 1 доп.) / Гл. ред. О. Ю. Шмидт. — 1-е изд. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1926—1947.(俄文)
外部連接
- Mwana Simba, a web-page about Swahili grammar.
- Реформатский А. А. Агглютинация и фузия как две тенденции грамматического строения слова(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
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