Dumézil, G. Haugen, Einar , 編. Gods of the Ancient Northmen. (Introduction by) C. Scott Littleton & Udo Strutynski. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1973 [2021-11-17]. ISBN 0520020448. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-15) –透過Google Books.
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The feminine suffix -ynja (Proto-Norse: -unjō[3]) is known from a few other nouns denoting female animals (such as apynja "female monkey" and vargynja "she-wolf"). A cognate word for "goddess" is not attested outside Old Norse. The corresponding West Germanic word would have been separately derived with the feminine suffixes -inī or -injō.[3](p. xxix)
This pattern of divided groups is discussed by noted scholar comparative religion Eliade (1958).[8]
Supporting this position, Turville-Petre (1964)[6] notes, "In one civilization, and at one time, the specialized gods of fertility might predominate, and in another the warrior or the god-king. The highest god owes his position to those who worship him, and if they are farmers, he will be a god of fertility, or one of the Vanir".[6](p. 162)