蠅虎科(學名:Salticidae)又名跳蛛科,或稱「虩」(讀音同「隙」),是蜘蛛目的一科,也是蠅虎總科的唯一科。
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主條目:List_of_Salticidae_genera
根據ITIS引用的2011年數據,本科之下有570個屬[1]。部分動物學家嘗試將這些屬分類,但結果絕大多數分類仍被歸入跳蛛亞科。
下列部分本科的屬[2]:
- 豹跳蛛屬 Aelurillus
- 暗跳蛛屬 Asemonea
- 亞蛛屬 Asianellus
- 艾圖蛛屬 Attulus Simon, 1889
- Attulus albolineatus (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus ammophilus (Thorell, 1875)
- Attulus ansobicus (Andreeva, 1976)
- Attulus atricapillus (Simon, 1882)
- Attulus avocator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Attulus barsakelmes (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
- Attulus burjaticus (Danilov & Logunov, 1994)
- Attulus caricis (Westring, 1861)
- Attulus cautus (G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1888)
- Attulus clavator (Schenkel, 1936)
- Attulus croceus Logunov, 2023
- Attulus cutleri (Prószyński, 1980)
- Attulus damini (Chyzer, 1891)
- Attulus diductus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868)
- Attulus dubatolovi (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
- Attulus dudkoi (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus dzieduszyckii (L.Koch, 1870)
- Attulus eskovi (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1995)
- Attulus fasciger (Simon, 1880)
- Attulus finschi (L.Koch, 1879)
- Attulus floricola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
- Attulus godlewskii (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus goricus (Ovtsharenko, 1978)
- Attulus hirokii Ono & Ogata, 2018
- Attulus inexpectus (Logunov & Kronestedt, 1997)
- Attulus inopinabilis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus japonicus (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus karakumensis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus kazakhstanicus (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus longipes (Canestrini, 1873)
- Attulus mirandus (Logunov, 1993)
- Attulus monstrabilis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus montanus (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus nakamurae (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus nangrahar Logunov, 2021
- Attulus nenilini (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
- Attulus niger (Dyal, 1935)
- Attulus nitidus (Hu, 2001)
- Attulus niveosignatus (Simon, 1880)
- Attulus penicillatus (Simon, 1875)
- Attulus penicilloides (Wesołowska, 1981)
- Attulus pubescens (Fabricius, 1775)
- Attulus pulchellus (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus pusio (Simon, 1871)
- Attulus relictarius (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus rivalis (Simon, 1937)
- Attulus rupicola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
- Attulus saevus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus saganus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus saltator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1868)
- Attulus sinensis (Schenkel, 1963)
- Attulus striatus (Emerton, 1911)
- Attulus subadultus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus sylvestris (Emerton, 1891)
- Attulus talgarensis (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
- Attulus tannuolana (Logunov, 1991)
- Attulus terebratus (Clerck, 1757)
- Attulus vilis (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus zaisanicus (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus zimmermanni (Simon, 1877)
- 巴希拉屬 Bagheera
- 巴韋蛛屬 Bavia
- 菱頭蛛屬 Bianor
- 貝塔蛛屬 Brettus
- 布氏蛛屬 Bristowia
- 緬蛛屬 Burmattus
- 貓跳蛛屬 Carrhotus
- 銅蛛屬 Chalcoscirtus
- 螯跳蛛屬 Cheliceroides
- 華蛛屬 Chinattus ,1 種
- 華斑蛛屬 Chinophrys
- 麗跳蛛屬 Chrysilla
- Clynotis Simon, 1901[3]
- Colopsus Simon, 1902[4]
- Colopsus arkavathi Caleb, 2022[5]
- Colopsus cancellatus Simon, 1902
- Colopsus cinereus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus ferruginus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus longipalpis (Żabka, 1985)
- Colopsus magnus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus tenuesi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- 劍蛛屬 Colyttus
- 華美蛛屬 Corusca
- 雙管跳蛛屬 Cyrba
- 胞蛛屬 Cytaea 1 種
- 追蛛屬 Dendryphantes
- Diolenius Thorell, 1870
- Diolenius albopiceus Hogg, 1915
- Diolenius amplectens Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius angustipes Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius armatissimus Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius bicinctus Simon, 1884
- Diolenius decorus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius infulatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius insignitus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius lineatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius lugubris Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius minotaurus[6]
- Diolenius paradoxus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius phrynoides (Walckenaer, 1837)
- Diolenius redimiculatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius sarmiensis Gardzińska & Patoleta, 2013
- Diolenius varicus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius virgatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diplocanthopoda Abraham, 1925[3]
- Diplocanthopoda marina Abraham, 1925
- 右蛛屬 Dexippus 1 種
- Edwardsya Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
- Edwardsya igapo Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
- Edwardsya simoni (Taczanowski, 1871)[7]
- 艾普蛛屬 Epeus Peckham & Peckham,1886[8]
- 艷蛛屬 Epocilla
- 堯奇蛛屬 Euochin Prószynski, 2018
- 斑蛛屬 Euophrys C.L.Koch, 1834[3],侏斑蛛屬
- 尤波蛛屬 Eupoa Zabka, 1985
- 獵蛛屬 Evarcha Simon, 1902
- 羽蛛屬 Featheroides Peng, Yin, Xie & Kim, 1994
- 潛葉蛛屬 Foliabitus
- 格德蛛屬 Gedea
- 膠跳蛛屬 Gelotia
- Ghatippus Marathe & Maddison, 2024
- Ghatippus paschima Marathe & Maddison, 2024[9]
- 美蛛屬 Habrocestum Simon, 1876
- 苦役蛛屬 Hakka Berry & Prószynski, 2001
- 蟆蛛屬 Harmochirus ,哈莫蛛屬, 1 種
- 哈蛛屬 Hasarina
- 遜蠅虎屬 Hasarius ,蛤沙蛛屬
- 閃蛛屬 Heliophanus
- 蠅象屬 Hyllus
- 翹蛛屬 Irura Peckham et Peckham, 1901
- 蘭格蛛屬 Langerra
- 蘭戈納蛛屬 Langona
- 勞弗蛛屬 Laufeia Simon, 1889
- Laufeia aenea Simon, 1889
- Laufeia aerihirta (Urquhart, 1888)
- 版納勞弗蛛 Laufeia banna Wang & Li, 2021
- Laufeia concava Zhang & Maddison, 2012
- Laufeia eximia Zhang & Maddison, 2012
- Laufeia longapophysis Lei & Peng, 2012
- Laufeia sasakii Ikeda, 1998
- Laufeia sicus Wu & Yang, 2008
- Laufeia zhangae Wang & Li, 2022
- 萊奇蛛屬 Lechia Zabka, 1985
- 馬卡蛛屬 Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris albosignata Schmidt & Krause, 1996
- Macaroeris asiatica Logunov & Rakov, 1998
- Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867)
- Macaroeris desertensis Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867)
- Macaroeris flavicomis (Simon, 1885)
- Macaroeris litoralis Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris moebi (Bösenberg, 1895)
- Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802)
- 馬拉蛛屬 Maratus Karsch, 1878
- 馬倫戈蛛屬 Marengo Peckham & Peckham, 1892
- Marengo batheryensis Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
- Marengo crassipes G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1892
- Marengo deelemanae Benjamin, 2004
- Marengo ganae Wang & Li, 2022
- Marengo inornata (Simon, 1900)
- Marengo nitida Simon, 1900
- Marengo rattotensis Benjamin, 2006
- Marengo sachintendulkar Malamel, Prajapati, Sudhikumar & Sebastian, 2019
- Marengo striatipes Simon, 1900
- 唐氏馬倫戈蛛 Marengo tangi Wang & Li, 2021
- Marengo zebra Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
- Marengo zhengi Wang & Li, 2022
- 蠅獅屬 Marpissa Koch, 1846[3][10]
- 杯蛛屬 Meata
- 蒙蛛屬 Mendoza Peckham & Peckham, 1894
- Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868)
- Mendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
- Mendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879)
- Mendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987)
- Mendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861)
- Mendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981)
- Mendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007
- Mendoza suguroi Baba, 2013
- Mendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
- 扁蠅虎屬 Menemerus Simon, 1869
- 微菱頭蛛屬 Microbianor Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor deltshevi Logunov, 2009
- 台灣微菱頭蛛 Microbianor formosana Chen, Lin & Ueng, 2021
- Microbianor furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013
- Microbianor globosus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011
- Microbianor golovatchi Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor madagascarensis Logunov, 2009
- Microbianor nigritarsus Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor saaristoi Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor simplex Wesołowska & Haddad, 2018
- 摩擋蛛屬 Modunda
- 莫魯蛛屬 Mogrus
- 蟻蛛屬 Myrmarachne Macleay, 1839
- 楠伊蛛屬 Nandicius Prószynski, 2016
- Nandicius cambridgei (Prószyński & Zochowska, 1981)
- Nandicius deletus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Nandicius frigidus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Nandicius kimjoopili (Kim, 1995)
- Nandicius kuankuoshuiensis Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2019
- Nandicius mussooriensis (Prószyński, 1992)
- 普氏楠伊蛛 Nandicius proszynskii Wang & Li, 2021
- Nandicius pseudoicioides (Caporiacco, 1935)
- Nandicius shihaitaoi Wang & Li, 2023
- Nandicius szechuanensis (Logunov, 1995)
- Nandicius vallisflorum Caleb, Sajan & Kumar, 2018
- Nandicius woongilensis Kim & Lee, 2016
- 衛跳蛛屬 Necatia Özdikmen, 2007
- Necatia magnidens (Schenkel, 1963)
- 新貝塔蛛屬 Neobrettus Wanless, 1984
- 新跳蛛屬 Neon Simon, 1876,2種
- 蝶蛛屬 Nungia
- 脊跳蛛屬 Ocrisiona
- 奧諾瑪蛛屬 Onomastus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus chenae Lin & Li, 2020
- Onomastus complexipalpis Wanless, 1980
- Onomastus corbetensis Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
- Onomastus danum Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
- Onomastus indra Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus jamestaylori Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016[11]
- Onomastus kaharian Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus kanoi Ono, 1995
- Onomastus maskeliya Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
- Onomastus nigricaudus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus nigrimaculatus Zhang & Li, 2005
- Onomastus patellaris Simon, 1900
- Onomastus pethiyagodai Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus quinquenotatus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus rattotensis Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus simoni Żabka, 1985
- 近晨奧諾瑪蛛 Onomastus subchenae C.Wang, W.H.Wang & Peng, 2021
- 奧爾蛛屬 Orcevia
- 盤蛛屬 Pancorius ,3 種
- 小蠅狼屬 Parvattus
- 蠅犬蛛屬 Pellenes Simon, 1876[3]
- 昏蛛屬 Phaeacius Simon, 1900
- 蠅狼屬 Philaeus
- 黑條蠅虎屬 Phintella Strand in Bosenberg et Strand, 1906,金蟬蛛屬
- 類金蟬蛛屬 Phintelloides Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides alborea Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides brunne Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides flavoviri Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides flavumi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 2014)
- Phintelloides manipur Caleb, 2020
- Phintelloides orbisa Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- 彭氏類金蟬蛛 Phintelloides pengi Wang & Li, 2021
- Phintelloides singhi (Monga, Singh & Sadana, 1989)
- Phintelloides undulatus (Caleb & Karthikeyani, 2015)
- Phintelloides versicolor (C.L.Koch, 1846)
- 俳蛛屬 Phlegra Simon, 1876[3],緋蛛屬
- 擬蠅虎蛛 Plexippoides Proszyniski, 1976
- 條斑蠅虎屬 Plexippus C.L.Koch, 1846,蠅虎屬,2種
- 頗克蛛屬 Poecilorchestes Simon, 1901
- Poecilorchestes decoratus Simon, 1901
- Poecilorchestes logunovi Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
- 鄭氏頗克蛛 Poecilorchestes zhengi Wang & Li, 2021
- 孔蛛屬 Portia Karsch[12]
- 偽斑蛛屬 Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912[3]
- 擬伊蛛屬 Pseudicius Simon, 1885
- 兜蠅虎屬 Ptocasius Simon, 1885,兜跳蛛屬,1種
- 寬胸蠅虎屬 Rhene Thorell, 1869,1種
- 跳蛛屬 Salticus [3]
- 西菱頭蛛 Sibianor
- 翠蛛屬 Siler Simon, 1889
- 西瑪蛛屬 Simaetha Thorell, 1881
- Simaetha almadenensis Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha atypica Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha broomei Żabka, 1994
- 陳氏西瑪蛛 Simaetha cheni Wang & Li, 2021
- Simaetha cingulata (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha colemani Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha damongpalaya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
- Simaetha deelemanae Zhang, Song & Li, 2003
- Simaetha furiosa (Hogg, 1919)
- Simaetha gongi Peng, Gong & Kim, 2000
- Simaetha huigang Wang & Li, 2022
- Simaetha knowlesi Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha laminata (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha makinanga Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
- Simaetha menglun Wang & Li, 2020
- Simaetha paetula (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha papuana Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha pengi Wang & Li, 2020
- Simaetha reducta (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha robustior (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha tenuidens (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha tenuior (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha thoracica Thorell, 1881
- 華島蛛屬 Sinoinsula
- 褐蠅虎屬 Sitticus Simon, 1901[3],躍蛛屬
- Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
- Sparbambus gombakensis Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
- Sparbambus sindhudurg Kadam & Tripathi[13]
- 雀躍蛛屬 Spartaeus Thorell:又名散蛛屬[12]
- 斯坦蛛屬 Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886
- 似蟻蛛屬 Synageles Simon, 1876[3]
- 合跳蛛屬 Synagelides Strand in Bosenberg etStran,合蠅虎屬,2種
- 憐蛛屬 Talavera Peckham & Peckham, 1909
- 塔沙蛛屬 Tasa Wesolowska, 1981
- 牛蛛屬 Tauala Wanless, 1988,1種
- 紐蛛屬 Telamonia Thorell, 1887,1種
- 方胸蛛屬 Thiania ,1種
- 莎茵蛛屬 Thyene Simon, 1885
- 莎紐納蛛屬 Thyenula Simon, 1902
- 維利蛛屬 Vailimia
- 沃蛛屬 Wanlessia ,1種
- 雅蛛屬 Yaginumaella Proszynski, 1976
- 後雅蛛屬 Yaginumanis ,1種
- 樹跳蛛屬 Yllenus
- 斑馬蛛屬 Zebraplatys ,1種
- 長腹蠅虎屬 Zeuxippus
在全球廣泛分佈,中國廣東粵東地區常見為灰色,背面有黑色斑紋,全身絨毛。腳上的毛可以讓他在光滑表面上移動。
跳蛛體型較小,最小的只有約一毫米,類似螞蟻,頭部較大,有8隻單眼,環視能力絕佳,又因中間的兩主眼視力發達,並善於跳躍,亦稱跳蛛。
蠅虎蜘蛛頭胸部比起其他科是方形的。(見圖一。)頭胸部上的八個眼睛,其中兩個平常比別的都大,可以對焦觀察週遭事物。(見圖二。)
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圖一
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圖二
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Phidippus whitmani
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正在捕食蒼蠅的Salticus scenicus
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Phidippus audax
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Phidippus workmani
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Paraphidippus aurantius
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ant mimic spider
看到獵物時,先逐步靠近,潛近再跳到獵物身上。因其捕獵物的方式,及主要以蒼蠅蚊子等小蟲為食,俗稱蒼蠅虎[14]。跳蛛的習性一般是不織網,但能吐絲,因從樹上、牆壁等高處摔下危險,預備跳下時先黏上一根絲,就像爬山者用岩釘及繩子防止墜落,是其特色。
Simon, Eugène. 1902. Etudes arachnologiques. 31e Mémoire. LI. Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles de la famille des Salticidae (suite). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 71: 389–421.
John T.D. Caleb, Y.T. Lohit, A.P.C. Abhijith and Soosaimanickam Maria Packiam. 2022. A New Species and New Synonym in the Genus Colopsus Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) from India. Arthropoda Selecta. 31(4); 470–476. DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.31.4.07
F.R. Wanless & Y.D. Lubin (1986) Diolenius minotaurus sp. nov., a remarkable horned jumping spider from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 20:5, 1211-1220, DOI: 10.1080/00222938600770801
Gustavo R. S. Ruiz and Abel Bustamante. 2016. Edwardsya, A New Genus of Jumping Spiders from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Freyina). Zootaxa. 4184(1); 117–129. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.1.7
Kiran Marathe, Wayne P. Maddison and Krushnamegh Kunte. 2024. Ghatippus paschima, A New Species and Genus of plexippine Jumping Spider from the Western Ghats of India (Salticidae, Plexippini, Plexippina). ZooKeys. 1191: 89-103. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1191.114117
Benjamin, Suresh P. and Nilani Kanesharatnam. 2016. Description of Three New Species of the Tropical Asian Jumping Spider Genus Onomastus Simon, 1900 from High Altitude Cloud Forests of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae).
Zootaxa. 4205(5); 431–453. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.2
Rishikesh Tripathi, Gautam Kadam, Theresa Joy Asha and Ambalaparambil Vasu Sudhikumar. 2023. First Record of Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006 from India, with Description of A New Species (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 5352(3); 447-450. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5352.3.10