貢語,或稱'Ugong,Ugong,拉瓦(Lawa)或Ugawng(其中的U的意思是人[4]),是泰國西部一種瀕臨滅絕的藏緬語,在烏泰他尼府和素攀武里府幾個孤立的方言島還有人會說。
歷史
1920年代,西方人第一次了解到貢人,那時這種語言就被認為處於嚴重衰退的狀態(Kerr 1927)。1970年代, David Bradley 開始研究這門語言,當時僅僅只有幾個地方還有人會說這種語言了,甚至比大約50年前發現的時候還要少2個。由於泰國電力公司要在Khwae Yai河和Khwae Noi河上上建設大壩,貢人被迫從兩個村莊離開,。本來會說種語言的人就在不斷減少,語言學家們認為這種語言已經脆弱到即將滅絕了。1970年代,還有會說這種語言的兒童,但現在孩子們已經把泰語作為第一語言。
分類
貢語在藏緬語內部的分類還沒有確定,雖然布拉德利(1989)認為它在緬彝語群中非常獨特,既不適合放在緬語支,也不適合放在彝語支。
方言
貢語有兩種方言(根據Ethnologue的說法)。
- Khok Khwai village, Uthai Thani Province (moribund); documented by Rujjanavet (1986)
- Kok Chiang village, Suphan Buri Province (endangered and now dispersed); documented by Thawornpat (2006) and David Bradley
曾經在北碧府也有人會說貢語,但現在已經滅絕了。兩種貢語方言(namely Lawa of Kwê Yai and Lawa of Kwê Noi)的詞彙表是由A. F. G Kerr(1927)在北碧府收集的。
分布
貢人現在居住在下面三個村莊。
- Lawa Wang Khwai village, Wang Yao Subdistrict (วังยาว), Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province (3戶)。
- Kok Chiang village, Huai Khamin Subdistrict (ห้วยขมิ้น), Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province (36戶)。
- Khok Khwai village (คอกควาย), Thong Lang Subdistrict (ทองหลาง), Huai Khot District, Uthai Thani Province (15戶)。reported as Baan Lawa village 3 in Wright, et al. (1991).[5]
有大約500個貢人和50個還會說貢語。在他們生活的區域也有很多Lao Krang人。
以前生活的地方
貢人以前分布的更加廣闊,在Khwae Noi River, Khwae Yai River和Bo Phloi River流域都能找到[5] It was reportedly spoken in locations including:[5]。 據報告包括以下這些地方:
- Kanchanaburi Province
- Lat Ya (northwest of Kanchanaburi town)
- Thong Pha Phum District (located along the Khwae Noi River)
- Ban Lawa (located several kilometres downriver along the Khwae Noi River, from the former location of Sangkhlaburi near the Three Pagodas Pass)
- Sao Hong, 10 kilometres south of Bo Phloi
- Phanom Thuan District
- Bo Phloi, Nong Pling, Lam Iso, Nong Li (หนองรี), and Nong Plue
- Khlot Khoi[6]
- Suphanburi Province
- Tumakok, Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province (now an ethnic Karen township; originally settled by Gong people from Talao/Hin Hak during the 1800's)
- Sanakphai, Suphanburi Province
- Wang Khwai (known in Ugong as Kabe and in Lao as Kapheun), Suphanburi Province
- Uthai Thani Province
- Ban Bung (บ้านบึง), Ban Rai District (near district headquarters)
- Thong Lang, Huai Khot District
- Iphung, Cawat, and Huai Haeng (exact locations uncertain)
在北碧府,很多貢人和克倫人和孟人通婚[5]。由於大壩的建設,Sisawat and Sangkhlaburi已經被水淹沒,會說這種語言的人也四散到其他地方。到1991年,北碧府已經二三十年沒有會說貢語的人了,大部分的貢人改說泰語或克倫語[6]。
語法
貢語是SOV語序。
參見
- 貢語詞彙表 (維基詞典)
注釋和參考資料
延伸閱讀
外部連結
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