西山起義

西山起義（英語：Tây Sơn revolt）或西山-阮主戰爭（越南語：Chiến tranh Tây Sơn – Chúa Nguyễn／戰爭西山-主阮），是西山領導的越南農民起義的一系列軍事衝突的統稱，由阮岳、阮惠和阮侶三兄弟領導，始於1771年，終於1802年。當時阮福映（也就是嘉隆皇帝，阮主的後裔）擊敗了西山並重新統一了大越，隨後將國家更名為越南。

18世紀60年代的大越。鄭主的領土被稱為「東京」，而阮主的領土被稱為「交趾支那」

西山戰爭 Tây Sơn wars
18世紀末的越南，阮主的領土為綠色；黃色和灰色的區域被西山領導人阮岳和阮惠控制
日期 1771年8月1日 – 1802年7月22日 (1771-08-01 – 1802-07-22) (共30年, 11個月零22天) 地點 越南, 老撾, 柬埔寨, 南中國海 結果 阮主勝利 嘉龍帝阮福映統一了大越並將國家更名為越南，開啟了阮朝時期
交戰方
西山 占族 越南華人(1771–1777) 華南海盜	阮主 柬埔寨王國 暹羅  法蘭西王國(1778–1802年間（英語：French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh）) 萬象王國 越南華人 (和義軍) 鄭主 (1774–1786) 清朝 (1788–1789) 昭統帝領導的越南皇家軍隊
指揮官和領導者
阮惠 阮岳 阮侶 阮光纘   吳文楚 阮文佐   李才 (1771–1775) 陳添保 鄭一  †	阮福淳   阮福映 杜清仁   黎文悅 李才  † (1775–1777) 阮文豪 拉瑪一世 昭披耶·阿派普貝 (本) 南塔森 路易十六 (僅限於外交) 皮埃爾·皮尼厄·德·貝艾納 讓-巴蒂斯特·沙依諾 讓-馬里·達約 奧利維耶·德·皮曼紐爾 鄭森 鄭楷   鄭槰 孫士毅 岑宜棟  † 昭統帝
軍事實力
西山: 25,000 (1774) 60,000 (1794達到頂峰)[1] 華南海盜: 50,000 (1802)[2]	阮主: 22,740[3] (1771) 30,000[4]–50,000[5] 暹羅人: 30,000[6] 柬埔寨人: 20,000 法國: 1,600僱傭軍 鄭主: 超30,000 (1786) 清朝: 20,000–200,000[7] (1788–1789)
傷亡和損失
100萬-200萬平民

外部連結

• 西山起義 - 《中國大百科全書》第三版網絡版 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）（簡體中文）
• Topic: 西山叛乱 – 越南历史. 大英百科全書. 大英百科全書公司. 2019 [2023-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-29）.（英文）
• 西山叛乱. Country Study. 美國國家圖書館. [2023-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-24）.（英文）

另請參見

• 戰爭主題
• 歷史主題
• 越南主題
• 中國主題
• 法國主題
• 泰國主題

• 交趾支那遠征

參考資料

1. Dutton 2006, p. 132.
2. Kleinen & Osseweijer 2010, p. 33.
3. Tarling 1999, p. 427.
4. McLeod 1991, p. 9.
5. Mantienne 1999, p. 129.
6. Tucker 1999, p. 15.
7. Kiernan 2019, p. 261.

相關書目

• Buttinger, Joseph. The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam. New York: Praeger. 1958. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
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• Twitchett, Denis Crispin. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty. Cambridge University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.
• Whitmore, John K., The Emergence of the state of Vietnam, Peterson (編), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 197–233, 2016, ISBN 9781316445044
• Dutton, George Edson. The Tây Sơn uprising: society and rebellion in eighteenth-century Vietnam. University of Hawaii Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8248-2984-0.
• Dutton, George Edson. The Tay Son Uprising. Nhà xuất bản Tổng Hợp Thành Phố́ Hồ Chí Minh. 2019. ISBN 978-6045891636.
• Cady, John F. Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development. New York: McGraw Hill. 1964. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• Kleinen, John; Osseweijer, Manon. Pirates, Ports, and Coasts in Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. International Institute for Asian Studies. 2010. ISBN 9789814279079.
• Mantienne, Frédéric. Monseigneur Pigneau de Béhaine. 128 Rue du Bac, Paris: Editions Eglises d'Asie. 1999. ISBN 2-914402-20-1. ISSN 1275-6865.
• Marr, David G.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.; Parker, Richard J. Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945: Volume 10. University of California Press. 1981. ISBN 9780520041806.
• Ngaosyvathn, Mayoury; Ngaosyvathn, Pheuiphanh. Paths to Conflagration: Fifty Years of Diplomacy and Warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Cornell University Press. 2018. ISBN 9781501732546.
• Kiernan, Ben. Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. 2019. ISBN 9780190053796.
• Taylor, Keith W. A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. 2013. ISBN 9781107244351.
• Barnes, Thomas J. Tay Son: Rebellion in 18th Century Vietnam. 2000. ISBN 9780738818184.
• Müller (編). Persistent Piracy: Maritime Violence and State-Formation in Global Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2014. ISBN 9781349469406.
• Antony, Robert J., Maritime Violence and State-Formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802, Müller (編), Persistent Piracy: Maritime Violence and State-Formation in Global Historical Perspective, UK: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014, ISBN 9781349469406
• Reid (編). Viet Nam: Borderless Histories. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 9781316445044.
• Wilcox, Wynn, Transnationalism and Multiethnicity in the Early Nguyễn Ánh Gia Long Period, Reid (編), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 194–216, 2006, ISBN 9781316445044
• Coedès, George. Walter F. Vella , 編. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Trans: Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 1968. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
• Li, Tana. Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Cornell University Press（英語：Cornell University Press）. 2018. ISBN 9781501732577.
• Kohn, George Childs. Dictionary of Wars Revised. New York: Facts On File, Inc. 1999. ISBN 0-8160-3928-3.
• Ward, Geoffrey C. Burns, Ken , 編. The Vietnam War: An Intimate History. Alfred A. Knopf. 2017. ISBN 9780307700254.
• Woodside, Alexander. Vietnam and the Chinese model: a comparative study of Vietnamese and Chinese government in the first half of the nineteenth century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-674-93721-X. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• Mantienne, Frédéric. The Transfer of Western Military Technology to Vietnam in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Case of the Nguyễn. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore: Cambridge University Press). 2003, 34 (3): 519–534. S2CID 162778534. doi:10.1017/S0022463403000468.
• Dutton, George. Reassessing Confucianism in the Tây Son Regime (1788–1802). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (London: University of London). 2005, 13 (2): 157–183. S2CID 147196835. doi:10.5367/0000000054604506.
• Friedland, William H. Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam. Alexander B. Woodside. American Journal of Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago). 1977, 83 (2): 520–521. doi:10.1086/226584.
• Chandler, David P.; Owen, Norman G. The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. 2005. ISBN 0824828909.
• Tucker, Spencer. Vietnam. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8131-0966-4.
• Holcombe, Charles. Dai Viet (Vietnam before the Nineteenth Century). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 2018: 199–216. ISBN 9781107118737. doi:10.1017/9781316340356.011.
• Clodfelter, Michael. Vietnam in Military Statistics: A History of the Indochina Wars, 1772–1991. Jefferson: McFarland & Co. 1995. ISBN 978-0-7864-0027-0.
• Ooi, Keat Gin (編). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 9781576077719.
• Choi, Byung Wook. Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response. SEAP Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-0-87727-138-3.
• Victor Lieberman（英語：Lieberman）, Victor B. Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
• Wilcox, Wynn. Vietnam and the West: New Approaches. Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program. 2010. ISBN 9780877277828.
• McLeod, Mark W. The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874. New York: Praeger. 1991. ISBN 0-275-93562-0.
• Wang, Wensheng. White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates. Harvard University Press. 2014. ISBN 9780674727991.
• Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830. Cambridge University Press. 2015. ISBN 9780521889926.
• Walker, Hugh Dyson. East Asia: A New History. 2012. ISBN 978-1477265161.
• Reid, Anthony. A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads. Wiley. 2015. ISBN 9781118512951.
• Hoang, Anh Tuấn. Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese relations, 1637-1700. Brill. 2007. ISBN 978-9-04-742169-6.
• Trần, Khánh. The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1993. ISBN 9789813016668.
• Reid, Anthony (編). Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief. Cornell University Press. 2018. ISBN 9781501732171.
• Dutton (編). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Columbia University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-231-51110-0.

拓展閱讀

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• Bridgman, Elijah Coleman. Chronology of Tonkinese Kings. Harvard University. 1840: 205–212. ISBN 9781377644080.
• Society for the Propagation of the Faith. Annals of the Propagation of the Faith. Cornell University: Institution. 1919.
• Father Adriano di, St. Thecla; Dror, Olga; Berezovska, Mariya; Taylor, K. W.; Jensen, Lionel M. Opusculum de Sectis Apud Sinenses Et Tunkinenses: A Small Treatise on the Sects Among the Chinese and Tonkinese. Cornell University Press. 2018. ISBN 9781501719073.