蝰蛇科（學名：Viperidae）又名蝮蛇科，是一個分布於全世界的毒蛇科。蝰蛇（Viperinae）和蝮蛇（Crotalinae）是這一科的代表物種，牠們體粗尾細，長着三角形的頭。毒液中含有血毒素，有些種類另含神經毒素。毒牙較長，能深深刺入獵物體內高效地注入毒液。毒牙與上齶之間有關節，可在口中放倒。蝮蛇有頰窩（紅外線感應器官），用以從環境溫度中識別獵物的體溫。大部分蝰蛇均屬於夜行性動物。
Quick Facts 蝰科, 科學分類 ...
蝰科
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| 阿拉伯角蝰 Cerastes gasperetti
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科學分類 
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| 界：
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動物界 Animalia
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| 門：
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脊索動物門 Chordata
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| 綱：
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爬蟲綱 Reptilia
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| 目：
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有鱗目 Squamata
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| 亞目：
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蛇亞目 Serpentes
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| 下目：
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真蛇下目 Alethinophidia
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| 演化支：
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非洲真蛇類 Afrophidia
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| 小目：
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新蛇小目 Caenophidia
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| 演化支：
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黃頷蛇類 Colubroides
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| 演化支：
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黃頷蛇形類 Colubriformes
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| 演化支：
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Endoglyptodonta演化支 Endoglyptodonta
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| 科：
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蝰科 Viperidae
Oppel, 1811
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| 亞科
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蝰蛇和蝮蛇都不長，但不同各類之間體長的差異很大。納米比亞侏膨蝰（Bitis schneideri）至多28厘米，而南美巨蝮（Lachesis muta）卻可達到3.6米。
蝰蛇科包括四個亞科：
本科包括以下屬：[1]
- Acridophaga Reuss, 1927
- Agkishodon de Beauvois, 1799
- 蝮蛇屬 Agkistrodon de Beauvois, 1799
- Allocrus Santos-Silva & Monné, 2023
- 樹蝰屬 Atheris Cope, 1862
- 跳蝮屬 Atropoides Werman, 1992
- Atropophis Peters, 1872
- Atropos Wagler, 1830
- Azemiops Boulenger, 1888
- 噝蝰屬 Bitis Gray, 1842
- 棕櫚蝮屬 Bothriechis Peters, 1859
- Bothrocophias Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001
- Bothrophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Bothropoides Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson, 2009
- 矛頭蝮屬 Bothrops Wagler, 1824
- Calloselasma Cope, 1860
- Caudisona Laurenti, 1768
- 夜蝰屬 Causus Wagler, 1830
- Cenchris Daudin, 1803
- 角蝰屬 Cerastes Laurenti, 1768
- 山蝮屬 Cerrophidion Campbell & Lamar, 1992
- Chersea Fleming, 1822
- Craspedocephalus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus anamallensis (Günther, 1864)
- Craspedocephalus andalasensis David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal, 2006
- Craspedocephalus borneensis (Peters, 1872)
- Craspedocephalus brongersmai Hoge, 1969
- Craspedocephalus gramineus (Shaw, 1802)
- Craspedocephalus macrolepis (Beddome, 1862) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus macrolepis Beddome, 1862
- Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854)
- Craspedocephalus occidentalis (Pope & Pope, 1933)
- Craspedocephalus peltopelor Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021
- Craspedocephalus puniceus (Boie, 1827)
- Craspedocephalus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011)
- Craspedocephalus strigatus (Gray, 1842) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus strigatus Gray, 1842
- Craspedocephalus travancoricus Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021[2]
- Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798)
- Craspedocephalus wiroti Trutnau, 1981
- Crotalophorus Gray, 1825
- Crotalurus Rafinesque, 1820
- Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758
- Cryptelytrops Cope, 1859
- Daboia Gray, 1842
- Deinagkistrodon Gloyd, 1979
- Dinodipsas Peters, 1882
- Distichurus Hallowell, 1842
- 鋸鱗蝰屬 Echis Merrem, 1820
- Eristicophis Alcock & Finn, 1897
- Garthius Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
- 亞洲蝮屬 Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981
- Halys Gray, 1849
- Heterophis Peters, 1862
- 瘤鼻蝮屬 Hypnale Fitzinger, 1843
- 巨蝮屬 Lachesis Daudin, 1803
- Laophis Owen, 1857
- 鈍鼻蝰屬 Macrovipera Reuss, 1927
- Megaera Wagler, 1830
- Mesovipera Reuss, 1927
- Metlapilcoatlus
- Mixcoatlus Jadin, H.M.Smith & Campbell, 2011
- Montatheris Broadley, 1996
- 山丘蝰屬 Montivipera Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén, Orlov, Joger & Herrmann, 1999
- 墨西哥角蝮屬 Ophryacus Cope, 1887
- 烙鐵頭屬 Ovophis Burger, 1981
- Parias Gray, 1849
- Pelias Merrem, 1820
- Peltopelor Günther, 1864
- Poecilostolus Günther, 1863
- Popeia Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
- 豬鼻蝮屬 Porthidium Cope, 1871
- Proatheris Broadley, 1996
- 原矛頭蝮屬 Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983
- 擬角蝰屬 Pseudocerastes Boulenger, 1896
- Rhinocerophis Garman, 1881
- Scytale Meuschen, 1778
- 華腹屬 Sinovipera Guo & Wang, 2011
- 侏儒響尾蛇屬 Sistrurus Garman, 1884
- Teleuraspis Cope, 1859
- Thamnocenchris Salvin, 1860
- Thanatophis Posada-Arango, 1889
- Toxicoa Gray, 1849
- Toxicophis Troost, 1836
- Triceratolepidophis Ziegler, Herrmann, David, Orlov & Plauvels, 2000
- 竹葉青蛇屬 Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804
- Trimesurus Gray, 1842
- 黑綠烙鐵頭屬 Tropidolaemus Wagler, 1830
- Turanechis Cherlin, 1990
- Urobelus Reinhardt, 1860
- Uropsophus Wagler, 1830
- 蝰屬 Vipera Laurenti, 1768
- Zhaoermia Gumprechtt & Tillack, 2004
Ashok Kumar Mallik, Achyuthan Needamangalam Srikanthan, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh, Seenapuram Palaniswamy Vijayakumar, Patrick D. Campbell, Anita Malhotra and Kartik Shanker. 2021. Resolving Pitfalls in Pit Viper Systematics – A Multi-criteria Approach to Species Delimitation in Pit Vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals Cryptic Diversity. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 577-619. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e66239
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