蛙屬

蛙屬（Rana）也稱林蛙屬、赤蛙屬，是蛙科的一個屬，分佈於歐亞大陸、北美洲、中美洲及南美洲北部。很多其他的屬以往都包括在內。^[1][2]

蛙屬
紅腿蛙
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	兩棲綱 Amphibia
目：	無尾目 Anura
科：	赤蛙科 Ranidae
屬：	蛙屬 Rana Linnaeus, 1758
種
參見內文
異名
Amerana Dubois, 1992 Anchylorana dubita Taylor, 1942 Anchylorana moorei Taylor, 1942 Anchylorana robustocondyla Taylor, 1942 Aurana Bauer, 1985 Aurorana Dubois, 1992 Crotaphitis Schulze, 1891 Laurasiarana Hillis & Wilcox, 2005 Leptodactylus abavus Holman, 1965 Liuhurana Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2010 Pseudoamolops Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2000 Pseudoamolops Jiang, Fei, Ye, Zeng, Zhen, Xie & Chen, 1997 Rana basaltica Young, 1936 Rana bucella Holman, 1965 Rana ephippium Taylor, 1942 Rana fayeae Taylor, 1942 Rana johnsoni La Rivers, 1953 Rana meadensis Taylor, 1942 Rana meriani Meyer, 1853 Rana miocenica Holman, 1965 Rana noeggerathi Meyer, 1952 Rana parvissima Taylor, 1942 Rana pueyoi Longinos Navás, 1922 Rana quellembergi Longinos Navás, 1922 Rana rexroadensis Taylor, 1942 Rana valida Taylor, 1942 Ranaria Rafinesque, 1814

一般蛙屬的體形頗大，腰部幼長及皺皮。大部份的背部隆起，但卻沒有蟾蜍的疣。牠們的腳幼長，善於跳躍。後肢上的蹼令牠們在水中可以靈活的運動。牠們背部一般呈綠色及褐色，有深色及黃色的斑點。一些蛙類（如：箭毒蛙）身上有鮮艷的色彩，用做警告敵人：『我有毒。』

蛙屬很多時都在初春繁殖，而生活在亞熱帶及熱帶的物種全年都會繁殖。很多雄蛙都會叫，但有一些卻不會發聲。雌蛙會一排排或球狀式產卵，每次可以產達2萬顆。

分類

蛙屬目前有約90個物種，但其分類則仍有爭議^[2][3][4]。2006年，Frost等人將本屬的部分物種劃為獨立屬別，但後來2016年Yuan等人的研究認為這樣的分類會使其他屬成為併系群，為了維持本屬的單系性，建議使用亞屬代替提升為屬級的做法^[5]。

目前已自立的屬有拇棘蛙屬（Babina）、Clinotarsus、腺蛙屬（Glandirana）、Hydrophylax、水蛙屬（Hylarana）、臭蛙屬（Odorrana）、側褶蛙屬（Pelophylax）^[6]、琴蛙屬(Nidirana)^[7]、Pulchrana、Sanguirana及Sylvirana。當中臭蛙屬是蛙屬的近親，有可能重置於蛙屬中。^[1][2]

系統分類學

本分類樹依照Yuan等人於2016年的論文繪製^[8]：

蛙屬 Rana	蛙亞屬 R. (Rana)     R. (Amerana)       脛腺蛙亞屬 R. (Liuhurana)               豹蛙亞屬 R. (Pantherana)     茲維斐氏蛙屬 R. (Zweifelia)       牛蛙亞屬 R. (Lithobates)       R. (Aquarana)       R. sylvatica（英語：Rana sylvatica）

物種

截止2022年1月14日，根據 Amphibian Species of the World 中的記錄本屬包含55種：^[9]

• 黑龍江林蛙 Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886
• 田野林蛙 Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842
• 中亞林蛙 Rana asiatica Bedriaga, 1898
• 紅腿蛙 Rana aurora Baird et Girard, 1852
• Rana bacboensis Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003^[10]，為Odorrana bacboensis (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的異名
• Rana banaorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003^[10]，為Odorrana banaorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的異名
• 黃腿蛙 Rana boylii Baird, 1854
• 卡斯廸蛙 Rana cascadae Slater, 1939
• 昭覺林蛙 Rana chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946
• 中國林蛙 Rana chensinensis David, 1875
• 峰斑蛙 Rana chevronta Hu et Ye, 1978
• Rana coerulea Houttuyn, 1787
• 韓國林蛙 Rana coreana Okada, 1928
• 徂徠林蛙 Rana culaiensis Li, Lu et Li, 2008
• Rana cultripes Tschudi, 1838
• 大別山林蛙 Rana dabieshanensis Wang, Qian, Zhang, Guo, Pan, Wu, Wang et Zhang, 2017^[11]
• 捷蛙 Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840，別名：Rana dalmatina Fitzinger, 1838
• Rana daorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003^[10]，為Amolops daorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的異名
• 加州紅腿蛙 Rana draytonii Baird et Girard, 1852
• 東北林蛙 Rana dybowskii Günther, 1876
• Rana fasciata Burchell, 1824
• 希臘林蛙 Rana graeca Boulenger, 1891
• 寒露林蛙 Rana hanluica Shen, Jiang et Yang, 2007^[12]
• Rana hmongorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003^[10]，為Odorrana jingdongensis Fei, Ye & Li, 2001的異名
• 桓仁林蛙 Rana huanrenensis Fei, Ye et Huang, 1990
• 休格利蛙 Rana iberica Boulenger, 1879
• Rana iriodes Bain & Nguyen, 2004^[13]，為Amolops iriodes (Bain & Nguyen, 2004)的異名
• 意大利林蛙 Rana italica Dubois, 1987
• 日本林蛙 Rana japonica Boulenger, 1879
• 借母溪林蛙 Rana jiemuxiensis Yan, Jiang, Chen, Fang, Jin, Li, Wang, Murphy, Che et Zhang, 2011
• 九嶺山林蛙 Rana jiulingensis Wan, Lyu et Wang, 2020
• 越南趾溝蛙 Rana johnsi Smith, 1921
• Rana kauffeldi Feinberg, Newman, Watkins-Colwell, Schlesinger, Zarate, Curry, Shaffer & Burger, 2014 ^[14]
• 琉球林蛙 Rana kobai Matsui, 2011
• 高原林蛙 Rana kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918
• 京都林蛙 Rana kyoto Eto, Matsui et Sugahara, 2022
• Rana lenca Luque-Montes, Austin, Weinfurther, Wilson, Hofmann & Townsend, 2018^[15]
• 拉塔斯蛙 Rana latastei Boulenger, 1879
• 長腳赤蛙 Rana longicrus Stejneger, 1898
• 欒川林蛙 Rana luanchuanensis Zhao et Yuan, 2017^[16]
• 哥倫比亞斑點蛙 Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913
• 高加索林蛙 Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885
• 貓兒山林蛙 Rana maoershanensis Lu, Li et Jiang, 2007
• Rana marginata Linnaeus, 1758
• Rana matsuoi Eto & Matsui, 2023^[17]
• Rana megatympanum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003^[10]，為Odorrana tiannanensis (Yang & Li, 1980)的異名
• Rana mitrata Houttuyn, 1787
• Rana morafkai Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003^[10]，為Odorrana morafkai (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的異名
• 黃腿山蛙 Rana muscosa Camp, 1917
• 根羽林蛙 Rana neba Ryuzaki, Hasegawa et Kuramoto, 2014^[18]
• 峨眉林蛙 Rana omeimontis Ye et Fei, 1993
• 山赤蛙 Rana ornativentris Werner, 1903
• Rana papillosa Houttuyn, 1787
• Rana parvipalmata López-Seoane, 1885
• 北海道林蛙 Rana pirica Matsui, 1991
• Rana pliocenica Zweifel, 1954
• 斑點赤蛙 Rana pretiosa Baird et Girard, 1853
• 希爾卡尼亞林蛙 Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt et Schmidtler, 1971
• Rana pusilla (Owen, 1847)
• 比利牛斯林蛙 Rana pyrenaica Serra-Cobo, 1993
• 黔江林蛙 Rana qianjiang
• 流田子蛙 Rana sakuraii Matsui et Matsui, 1990，櫻井蛙
• 桑植蛙 Rana sangzhiensis Shen, 1986，桑植趾溝蛙，為 Pseudorana sangzhiensis (Shen, 1986)的異名
• 梭德氏赤蛙 Rana sauteri Boulenger, 1909
• 脛腺蛙 Rana shuchinae Liu, 1950
• 內華達黃腿林蛙 Rana sierrae Camp, 1917
• Rana tabaca Bain & Nguyen, 2004^[13]，為Odorrana tiannanensis (Yang & Li, 1980)的異名
• 田子蛙 Rana tagoi Okada, 1928
• 太行林蛙 Rana taihangensis ^[19]
• 塔瓦斯林蛙 Rana tavasensis Baran et Atatür, 1986
• 林蛙 Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758
• 對馬赤蛙 Rana tsushimensis Stejneger, 1907
• Rana uenoi Matsui, 2014
• 沖繩林蛙 Rana ulma Matsui, 2011
• Rana verrucosa Houttuyn, 1787
• Rana virescens Kalm^[20]
• 綠林蛙 Rana viridis Garsault, 1764
• 武夷林蛙 Rana wuyiensis Wu, Shi, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Hoang, Wu et Wang, 2021
• 鄭氏林蛙 Rana zhengi Zhao, 1999
• 鎮海林蛙 Rana zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei et Matsui, 1995
• 織金林蛙 Rana zhijinensis ^[21]

參考

1. Cai, Hong-xia; Che, Jing, Pang, Jun-feng; Zhao, Er-mi & Zhang, Ya-ping. Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1531: 49–55 [2008-10-14]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-07-19）.
2. Stuart, Bryan L. The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2008, 46 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016.
3. Hillis, D.M. & Wilcox, T.P. Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana) (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2005, 34 (2): 299–314 [2008-10-14]. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-05-28）.
4. Hillis, D. M. Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2007, 42: 331–338 [2008-10-14]. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-09-27）.
5. Yuan, Zhi-yong; Zhou, Weiwei; Chen, Xin; Poyarkov, Nikolay; Chen, Hong-man; Jang-Liaw, Nian-Hong; Chou, Wen-Hao; Matzke, Nicholas; Iizuka, Koji. Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs (Genus Rana): A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms. Systematic Biology. 2016-06-10, 65: syw055 [2018-12-31]. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-23）.
6. Dubois, A. & A. Ohler, A. Frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Anura, genus Rana): a catalogue of available and valid scientific names, with comments on the name-bearing types, complete synonymies. proposed common names, and maps showing all type localities. Zoologica Poloniae. 1995, 39 (3-4): 139–204.
7. Yuan, Zhiyong; Chen, Jinmin; Wu, Yunhe; Li, Xianqi; Che, Jing. Revision of the list of amphibian species in Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science. 2022-04-20, 30 (4): 21470. doi:10.17520/biods.2021470.
8. Che, Jing; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Kuzmin, Sergius L.; Min, Mi-Sook; Iizuka, Koji; Matzke, Nicholas J.; Chou, Wen-Hao. Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs (Genus Rana): A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms. Systematic Biology. 2016-09-01, 65 (5): 824–842 [2019-04-04]. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-23） （英語）.
9. Darrel Frost. 2022. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (2022-01-14). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Rana （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
10. Bain, R.H., A. Lathrop, R.W. Murphy, N. Orlov, and T.C. Ho. 2003. Cryptic species of a cascade frog from southeast Asia: taxonomic revisions and descriptions of six new species. American Museum Novitates. 3417: 1–60.
11. Chencheng Wang, Lifu Qian, Chenling Zhang, Weibo Guo, Tao Pan, Jun Wu, Hui Wang and Baowei Zhang. 2017. A New Species of Rana from the Dabie Mountains in eastern China (Anura, Ranidae). ZooKeys. 724: 135-153. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.724.19383
12. 沈猷慧,江建平,楊道德.中國林蛙屬(無尾目:蛙科)一新種——寒露林蛙Rana hanluica sp. nov[J].Current Zoology, 2007, 53(3):481-488.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5507.2007.03.011.
13. Raoul H. Bain and Nguyen Quang Trong. 2004. Herpetofaunal Diversity of Ha Giang Province in Northeastern Vietnam, with Descriptions of Two New Species. American Museum Novitates. 3453
14. Jeremy A. Feinberg, Catherine E. Newman, Gregory J. Watkins-Colwell, Matthew D. Schlesinger, Brian Zarate, Brian R. Curry, H. Bradley Shaffer and Joanna Burger. 2014. Cryptic Diversity in Metropolis: Confirmation of a New Leopard Frog Species (Anura: Ranidae) from New York City and Surrounding Atlantic Coast Regions. PLoS ONE, 2014; 9 (10): e108213 DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108213
15. Ileana Luque-Montes, James D. Austin, Kayla D. Weinfurther, Larry David Wilson, Erich P. Hofmann and Josiah H. Townsend. 2018. An Integrative Assessment of the Taxonomic Status of Putative Hybrid Leopard Frogs (Anura: Ranidae) from the Chortís Highlands of Central America, with Description of A New Species. Systematics and Biodiversity. In Press. DOI 10.1080/14772000.2017.1415232
16. Zhao, H.P., Yang, J.X., Wang, C.P., Li, P.P., Murphy R.W., Che, J. and Yuan, Z.Y., 2017. A new species of the genus Rana from Henan, central China (Anura, Ranidae). ZooKeys, (694), 95–108.
17. Koshiro Eto and Masafumi Matsui. 2023. A New Brown Frog from the Goto Islands, Japan with Taxonomic Revision on the Subspecific Relationships of Rana tagoi (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae). Current Herpetology. 42(2): 191-209. DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.191
18. Masashi Ryuzaki, Yoshinori Hasegawa and Mitsuru Kuramoto. 2014. A New Brown Frog of the Genus Rana from Japan (Anura: Ranidae) revealed by Cytological and Bioacoustic Studies. Alytes. 31(3-4); 49-58.
19. SHEN H. J., XU M. Y., YANG X. Y., CHEN Z., XIAO N. W., CHEN X. H. A New Brown Frog of the Genus Rana (Anura, Ranidae) from North China, with a Taxonomic Revision of the R. chensinensis Species Group. Asian Herpetol Res, 2022, 13(3): 145–158. DOI: 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.210062
20. Irving, Hardesty. The number and arrangement of the fibers forming the spinal nerves of the frog (Rana virescens)[J]. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1899.
21. Shasha Yan,Qingqing He,Tao Luo, et al. Description of a new species of the genus Rana (Anura: Ranidae) from western Guizhou, China, integrating morphological and molecular genetic data[J]. Zoological Systematics, 2022, 47(4): 275-292.

外部連結

• AmphibiaWeb （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Version 4, 2006-AUG-17.