監獄工業複合體

監獄工業複合體（英語：Prison-Industrial Complex，PIC），也稱監工複合體，是工業複合體的一種，該詞源自1950年代的軍工複合體一詞，用來描述美國監獄私有化後囚犯人數迅速增加、逐步成為全世界監禁率最高國家的現象，其中私人監獄向政府和企業提供商品和服務以牟取暴利。^{[1] [2]}

常見的監工複合體是簽訂廉價合同的監獄勞動公司，建築公司，大規模監視技術供應商，經營監獄食品服務和醫療設施的公司。懲教人員工會，私人訓誡（英語：Private probation）公司，律師遊說團體代表他們的利益。^[3][4]

美國公民自由聯盟認為，與國營監獄相比，私人監獄公司從貧困社區中牟利的程度相當多。紐約時報托馬斯·埃德爾（Thomas B.Edsall）指出：監禁服務的商業化程度越高，對窮人的服務成本就越高。^[5]

相關條目

• 工業複合體
  • 軍事工業複合體
  • 政治媒體複合體
  • 醫藥工業複合體

參考資料

1. Selman, Donna; Leighton, Paul. Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. Rowman & Littlefield. 2010: 78 [2022-04-13]. ISBN 978-1442201736. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-13）.
2. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為:21的參考文獻提供內容
3. Harcourt, Bernard (2012). The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674066162 p. 236
4. Alex Friedmann (15 January 2012). The Societal Impact of the Prison Industrial Complex, or Incarceration for Fun and Profit—Mostly Profit （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Prison Legal News. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
5. Samilton, Tracy (September 29, 2014). "ACLU says "pay or stay" is modern-day version of debtors prisons". Michigan Radio.

延伸閱讀

• Ascher, K. The Politics of Privatization: Contracting-Out Public Services. New York: St. Martins, 1987
• Curran, D. J. "Destructuring, Privatization, and the Promise of Juvenile Diversion: Compromising Community-Based Corrections." Crime & Delinquency (v. 34/4, 1988)
• Kassebaum, G. et al. Contracting for Correctional Services in the Community, Volume I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978
• Larivee, J. J. "Community Programs, A Risky Business: Community-Based Alternatives for Inmates in Need of Rehabilitation." Corrections Today (v. 55, 1993)
• Lindquist, C. A. "The Private Sector in Corrections: Contracting Probation Services from Community Organizations." Federal Probation (v. 44, 1980)
• Mays, G. & T. Gray. Privatization and the Provision of Correctional Services: Context and Consequences. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing, 1996.
• National Institute of Corrections. Privatizing Community Supervision (pp. 25–28). Longmont, CO: National Institute of Corrections, 1998
• Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention. Privatizing Juvenile Probation Services: Five Local Experiences. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1989
• Oldfield, M. "Talking Quality, Meaning McDonalds, the Market and the Probation Service." Probation Journal (v. 41/4, 1994)

外部連結

• Meet the Prison Profiteers. They're Worse than You Think （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from the American Civil Liberties Union