潛游龍屬

潛游龍屬; 化石時期：卡洛維階至提通階，; ~165–145 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	潛游龍骶椎
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	爬蟲綱 Reptilia
目：	†蛇頸龍目 Plesiosauria
科：	†淺隱龍科 Cryptoclididae
亞科：	†淺隱龍亞科 Cryptoclidinae
屬：	†潛游龍屬 Colymbosaurus; Seeley, 1874
模式種
	†巨頸潛游龍; Colymbosaurus megadeirus; Seeley, 1874
種
	†巨頸潛游龍 C. megadeirus ; (Seeley, 1869); †斯瓦爾巴潛游龍 C. svalbardensis ; (Persson, 2012);

潛游龍（屬名：Colymbosaurus）是淺隱龍科蛇頸龍的一個屬，分布於晚侏羅世（卡洛維階至提通階）的英國及挪威斯瓦爾巴。^[1]現已鑑別出兩個種，分別為巨頸潛游龍（C. megadeirus）和斯瓦爾巴潛游龍（C. svalbardensis），兩者均為體型較小的蛇頸龍類，長達5公尺（16英尺）、重達700公斤（1,500英磅）。^[2]

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分類

首批潛游龍殘骸最初被描述為蛇頸龍新種轉子蛇頸龍（Plesiosaurus trochantericus）^[3]該物種的正模標本NHMUK 31787是一根來自英國牛津郡沙特歐瓦（英語：Shotover）啟莫里階啟莫里黏土組（英語：Kimmeridge Clay Formation）的肱骨。然而理查德·歐文（Richard Owen）卻誤將其認作股骨，該鑑定在1871年一篇關於牛津郡地質的論文中得到糾正。^[4]

與此同時還從啟莫里黏土組描述了其它蛇頸龍亞目。巨頸蛇頸龍（Plesiosaurus megadeirus）是在一篇記載劍橋大學塞格維克地球科學博物館（英語：Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences）所收藏中生代四足動物標本的文獻中為兩個部分顱後標本所建立。^[5]波特蘭上龍（Pliosaurus portlandicus）是為多塞特郡發現的部分後肢所建立。^[6]同時，約翰·赫克（英語：John Hulke）（John Whitaker Hulke）還為來自啟莫里階多塞特郡的一個不完整顱後骨骼（NHMUK 40106）建立了曼氏蛇頸龍（Plesiosaurus manselii）。^[7]哈利·絲萊（Harry Govier Seeley）則開始將巨頸蛇頸龍視為不同屬，並為該物種創建屬名潛游龍（Colymbosaurus）。^[8]後來他又將波特蘭上龍與曼氏蛇頸龍歸入潛游龍，並根據上足解剖特徵認為兩者是與巨頸潛游龍不同的物種。^[9]

一項對英國晚侏羅世所有蛇頸龍亞目名義物種的檢查結果是潛游龍僅含轉子潛游龍（C. trochantericus）一個種，巨頸潛游龍、波特蘭潛游龍及曼氏潛游龍均為轉子潛游龍的異名。^[10]由於未發現顱骨殘骸，從與啟莫里龍歸入材料的比較來看，潛游龍可能是啟莫里龍的首異名。^[11]

等到挪威的「斯瓦爾巴三鎖龍」（"Tricleidus" svalbardensis）被鑑定為潛游龍的一個有效種——斯瓦爾巴潛游龍（C. svalbardensis），該屬的分布範圍擴展到了英國以外。^[12]此次重新歸類加上在斯瓦爾巴群島發現新蛇頸龍亞目，促使對啟莫里黏土組的淺隱龍科進行了新修訂。轉子蛇頸龍被宣布為疑名，可以歸入潛游龍但不確定屬於哪個物種，啟莫里龍與曼氏蛇頸龍則被視為不同動物。由於此次修訂，巨頸潛游龍被重新指定為本屬的模式種。^[7]

參見

蛇頸龍列表
蛇頸龍類研究歷史（英語：Timeline of plesiosaur research）

參考資料

[1]
Gasparini, Z.; Bardet, N. & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A new cryptoclidid plesiosaur from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Cuba (PDF). Geobios. 2002, 35 (2): 201–211 [2023-10-08]. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00019-0. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-03-06）.
[2]
Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles. Princeton University Press. 2022: 111. ISBN 9780691193809.
[3]
R. Owen. 1840. Report on British fossil reptiles. Report of the Ninth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports on the State of Science 43-126
[4]
J. Phillips. 1871. Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1-523
[5]
H. G. Seeley. 1869. Index to the Fossil Remains of Aves, Ornithosauria, and Reptilia, from the Secondary System of Strata, Arranged in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge. Deighton, Bell, and Co, Cambridge 1-143
[6]
Owen, R. Monographs on the British Fossil Reptilia from the Kimmeridge Clay III: contains Pliosaurus grandis, Pliosaurus trochanterius, and Pliosaurus portlandicus. Palaeontographical Society Monographs. 1869, 22 (98): 1–12.
[7]
Benson, RBJ; Bowdler, T. Anatomy of Colymbosaurus (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the U.K., and high diversity among Late Jurassic plesiosauroids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014, 34 (5): 1053–1071. S2CID 85066808. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.850087.
[8]
Seeley, H. G. Note on some generic modifications of the plesiosaurian pectoral arch. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 1874, 30: 436–449.
[9]
Seeley, H. G. The Nature of the Shoulder Girdle and Clavicular Arch in Sauropterygia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1892, 51: 119–151.
[10]
Brown, D. S. The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauridea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 1981, 35 (4): 253–347.
[11]
Brown, D.; Milner, A.; Taylor, M. New material of the plesiosaur Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology. 1986, 40 (5): 225–234. ISSN 0007-1471. S2CID 56181657.
[12]
Knutsen, E. M.; Druckenmiller, P. S.; Hurum, J. Redescription and taxonomic clarification of ‘Tricleidus’ svalbardensis based on new material from the Agardhfjellet Formation (Middle Volgian) (PDF). Norwegian Journal of Geology. 2012, 92: 175–186.

[Gasparini-1] [1]
Gasparini, Z.; Bardet, N. & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A new cryptoclidid plesiosaur from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Cuba (PDF). Geobios. 2002, 35 (2): 201–211 [2023-10-08]. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00019-0. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-03-06）.

[2] [2]
Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles. Princeton University Press. 2022: 111. ISBN 9780691193809.

[3] [3]
R. Owen. 1840. Report on British fossil reptiles. Report of the Ninth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports on the State of Science 43-126

[4] [4]
J. Phillips. 1871. Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1-523

[5] [5]
H. G. Seeley. 1869. Index to the Fossil Remains of Aves, Ornithosauria, and Reptilia, from the Secondary System of Strata, Arranged in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge. Deighton, Bell, and Co, Cambridge 1-143

[6] [6]
Owen, R. Monographs on the British Fossil Reptilia from the Kimmeridge Clay III: contains Pliosaurus grandis, Pliosaurus trochanterius, and Pliosaurus portlandicus. Palaeontographical Society Monographs. 1869, 22 (98): 1–12.

[benson2014-7] [7]
Benson, RBJ; Bowdler, T. Anatomy of Colymbosaurus (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the U.K., and high diversity among Late Jurassic plesiosauroids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014, 34 (5): 1053–1071. S2CID 85066808. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.850087.

[8] [8]
Seeley, H. G. Note on some generic modifications of the plesiosaurian pectoral arch. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 1874, 30: 436–449.

[9] [9]
Seeley, H. G. The Nature of the Shoulder Girdle and Clavicular Arch in Sauropterygia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1892, 51: 119–151.

[Brown81-10] [10]
Brown, D. S. The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauridea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 1981, 35 (4): 253–347.

[11] [11]
Brown, D.; Milner, A.; Taylor, M. New material of the plesiosaur Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology. 1986, 40 (5): 225–234. ISSN 0007-1471. S2CID 56181657.

[12] [12]
Knutsen, E. M.; Druckenmiller, P. S.; Hurum, J. Redescription and taxonomic clarification of ‘Tricleidus’ svalbardensis based on new material from the Agardhfjellet Formation (Middle Volgian) (PDF). Norwegian Journal of Geology. 2012, 92: 175–186.

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