龍膽屬 (學名:Gentiana )是龍膽科 下的一個大屬 ,大約包括有400餘種 ,廣泛分布在全世界溫帶 地區的高山地帶,絕大部分為一年生或多年生的草本 植物 ,部分為常綠品種。
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龍膽屬植物為單葉 對生,花 為喇叭狀,花瓣 5裂,在北半球的龍膽屬,花通常為藍色 ,但在南美洲 的品種花為紅色 ,在新西蘭 有白色 花的品種,此外尚有黃色 、乳白色等,顏色 多樣。
一般龍膽屬植物不容易栽培,不易離開其生長的自然環境,但也有一些品種可以進行栽培,需要充足的陽光,排水良好的土壤 。
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龍膽屬植物的根 含有龍膽苦甙,可以用作苦味健胃劑,許多品種的根可以作為中藥 入藥,功能瀉肝 火、退虛熱。
龍膽花是一種藏藥 ,藏藥名「榜間」、「邦見」,可以單味或複方入藥。《晶珠本草 》說榜間可治毒病及各類熱症,如氣管炎 、咳嗽 和天花 。此外還有抗肝纖維化 、抗子宮頸癌 的作用。[ 1]
黃龍膽 (Gentiana lutea )
本屬包括以下物種:[ 2]
Gentiana acaulis L.('Stemless Gentian')
Gentiana acaulis x clusii
Gentiana affinis ('Pleated Gentian')
Gentiana alba Muhl. ex A.Gray, 1848('Plain Gentian')
Gentiana albescens Favre
銀萼龍膽 Gentiana albicalyx Burkill
高山龍膽 Gentiana algida Pall. ('Whitish Gentian')
Gentiana alii (Omer & Qaiser) T.N.Ho
Gentiana alpina ('Alpine Gentian')
Gentiana altaica ('Altai Gentian')
Gentiana amarella ('Autumn Dwarf Gentian')
Gentiana amoena
Gentiana andrewsii ('Closed bottle Gentian')
Gentiana angustifolia
阿里山龍膽 Gentiana arisanensis
Gentiana asclepiadea ('Willow Gentian')
Gentiana austromontana ('Appalachian Gentian')
Gentiana autumnalis ('Pinebarren Gentian')
竹林龍膽 Gentiana bambuseti
Gentiana bavarica ('Bavarian Gentian')
Gentiana bellidifolia
Gentiana betongensis J.Wai,2024[ 3]
Gentiana bolavenensis Nagah., Tagane & Soulad.[ 4]
Gentiana boryi Boiss., 1938
Gentiana brachyphylla Vill., 1779
Gentiana bulleyana (Forrest) C.Marquand, 1931,為Crawfurdia campanulacea Wall. & Griff. ex C.B.Clarke的異名
Gentiana burseri Lapeyr., 1813
Gentiana cachemirica Decne., 1844
Gentiana calycosa ('Rainier Pleated Gentian')
Gentiana catesbaei ('Elliott's Gentian')
頭花龍膽 Gentiana cephalantha
Gentiana cerina
Gentiana ciliolata S. Yang, H. C & F. Du, 2020[ 5]
Gentiana clausa ('Bottled Gentian')
Gentiana clusii ('Trumpet Gentian')
粗莖秦艽 Gentiana crassicaulis
Gentiana crinita ('Fringed Gentian')
Gentiana cruciata ('Cross Gentian')
五嶺龍膽 Gentiana davidii
臺灣龍膽 Gentiana davidii var. formosana
達烏里秦艽 Gentiana dahurica Fisch., 1812
Gentiana decora ('Showy Gentian')
斜升秦艽 Gentiana decumbens L.fil., 1781
Gentiana dendrologii
平龍膽 Gentiana depressa
Gentiana dinarica
Gentiana douglasiana ('Swamp Gentian')
壺冠龍膽 Gentiana elwesii
線葉龍膽 Gentiana farreri
Gentiana fetisowii
Gentiana flavida ('Pale Gentian')
Gentiana flavomaculata
黃斑龍膽 Gentiana flavomaculata var. flavomaculata
鴛鴦湖龍膽 Gentiana flavomaculata var. yuanyanghuensis
Gentiana freyniana
Gentiana frigida
Gentiana froelichii
Gentiana fremontii ('Moss Gentian')
Gentiana gelida
勁直黃條紋龍膽 Gentiana gilvo-striata
Gentiana glauca ('Pale Gentian')
Gentiana gracilipes
Gentiana grombczewskii
Gentiana heterosepala ('Autumn Gentian')
Gentiana hexaphylla
高山龍膽 Gentiana horaimontana
伊澤山龍膽 Gentiana itzershanensis
高雄龍膽 Gentiana kaohsiungensis Chih H.Chen & J.C.Wang, 1999
Gentiana kesselringii Regel, 1880
Gentiana kurroo Royle, 1835
Gentiana laotica Soulad., Tagane & Yahara[ 6]
Gentiana lawrencii
全萼秦艽 Gentiana lhassica
Gentiana linearis ('Narrowleaf Gentian')
Gentiana loderi
黃龍膽 Gentiana lutea ,( 'Great Yellow Gentian')
全萼秦艽 Gentiana macrophylla ('Bigleaf Gentian')
Gentiana makinoi H.Lév. & Vaniot,為Gentiana nipponica Maxim.的異名
小齒龍膽 Gentiana microdonta Franch. ex Hemsl., 1890
Gentiana mopanshanensis Huan C. Wang & Tao Chen bis, 2024[ 7]
Gentiana newberryi ('Newberry's Gentian')
Gentiana nipponica
Gentiana nivalis ('Snow Gentian')
雲霧龍膽 Gentiana nubigena
Gentiana nutans ('Tundra Gentian')
Gentiana ochroleuca
Gentiana olivieri
Gentiana ornata
Gentiana pannonica ('Brown Gentian')
Gentiana paradoxa
Gentiana parryi ('Parry's Gentian')
Gentiana patula
Gentiana pennelliana ('Wiregrass Gentian')
葉萼龍膽 Gentiana phyllocalyx
Gentiana platypetala ('Broadpetal Gentian')
Gentiana plurisetosa ('Bristly Gentian')
Gentiana pneumonanthe ('Marsh Gentian')
觀嘗龍膽 Gentiana prolata
垂花龍膽 Gentiana prostrata ('Pygmy Gentian')
Gentiana przewalskii
翼萼龍膽 Gentiana pterocalyx
Gentiana puberulenta ('Downy Gentian')
Gentiana pumila
Gentiana punctata ('Spotted Gentian')
Gentiana purpurea ('Purple Gentian')
Gentiana pyrenaica
Gentiana quadrifolia
滇龍膽草 Gentiana rigescens
Gentiana rostanii
Gentiana rubricaulis ('Closed Gentian')
Gentiana saponaria ('Harvestbells Gentian')
Gentiana saxosa
龍膽 Gentiana scabra
玉山龍膽 Gentiana scabrida
黑斑龍膽 Gentiana scabrida var. punctulata
玉山龍膽 Gentiana scabrida var. scabrida
Gentiana scarlatina
Gentiana sceptrum ('King's scepter Gentian')
Gentiana septemfida ('Crested Gentian')
Gentiana setigera ('Mendocino Gentian')
Gentiana setulifolia
錫金龍膽 Gentiana sikkimensis
Gentiana sikokiana
華麗龍膽 Gentiana sino-ornata
管花秦艽 Gentiana siphonantha
Gentiana speciosa
鱗葉龍膽 Gentiana squarrosa
Gentiana stictantha
匙萼龍膽 Gentiana stragulata
麻花艽 Gentiana straminea Maxim.
Gentiana susanneae [ 8]
太魯閣龍膽 Gentiana tarokoensis
塔塔加龍膽 Gentiana tatakensis
厚葉龍膽 Gentiana tentyoensis
Gentiana tenuifolia
臺東龍膽 Gentiana tenuissima
Gentiana terglouensis ('Triglav Gentian')
三葉龍膽 Gentiana ternifolia Franch.
Gentiana tianshanica ('Tienshan Gentian')
三歧龍膽 Gentiana trichotoma
三花龍膽 Gentiana triflora
Gentiana trinervis
筒花龍膽 Gentiana tubiflora
Gentiana utriculosa ('Bladder Gentian')
藍玉簪龍膽 Gentiana veitchiorum
喜馬拉雅龍膽 Gentiana venusta
春花龍膽 Gentiana verna ('Spring Gentian')
Gentiana villosa ('Striped Gentian')
長梗秦艽 Gentiana waltonii
Gentiana wutaiensis
台灣輪葉龍膽 Gentiana yakushimensis
筆龍膽 Gentiana zollingeri
歸入本屬的物種:
Aloitis anceps Raf.
Aloitis divaricata Greene
Aloitis foliosa Greene
Aloitis mesochora Greene
Aloitis smithii Omer
Coilantha sessaei D.Don ex G.Don
Dasistepha cespitosa Raf., 1837
Dasystephana frigida Cockerell, 1906
Dasystephana vodopjanovae Zuev
曹海峰、趙志禮、嘎務,2014,藏藥「龍膽花」研究進展,《中藥材》,06期
Jarearnsak Sae Wai. 2024. Gentiana betongensis (Gentianaceae), A New Species from tropical montane sphagnum bog in Peninsular Thailand. Phytotaxa. 633(1); 60-67. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.633.1.7
Ai Nagahama, Shuichiro Tagane, Phetlasy Souladeth, Anousone Sengthong and Tetsukazu Yahara. 2019. Gentiana bolavenensis (Gentianaceae), A New Species from Dong Hua Sao National Protected Area in southern Laos. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 47(2), 133-136. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2019.47.2.02
Shaoyong Yang, Haifeng Cao, Fan Du, Juan Wang, Qiaorong Zhang and Wen-Tsai Wang. 2020. A New Species of Gentiana, Gentiana ciliolata and It’s Two Subspecies of subsp. ciliolata and subsp. longiloba of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 11; 1137-1143. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2020.117080
Phetlasy Souladeth, Shuichiro Tagane, Akiyo Naiki, Hidetoshi Nagamasu and Tetsukazu Yahara. 2018. Gentiana laotica, A New Species of Gentianaceae from Laos. Thai Forest Bulletin. 46(1); 72-75. DOI 10.20531/tfb.2018.46.1.11
Tao Chen, Ting-Ting Wang, Shao-Yun Liu and Huan-Chong Wang. 2024. Gentiana mopanshanensis (Gentianaceae), A New Species from Yunnan, southwest China. PhytoKeys. 239: 215-228. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.239.119800
Adrien Favre, James S. Pringle and Peng-Cheng Fu. 2022. Phylogenetics Support the Description of A New Sichuanese Species, Susanne’s Gentian, Gentiana susanneae (Gentianaceae). Systematic Botany. 47(2); 506-513. DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801579
Lena Struwe (Editor), Victor A. Albert (Editor), Gentianaceae , Cambridge University Press, 2002; ISBN 0-521-80999-1