黃蹼洋海燕

黃蹼洋海燕
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	鸌形目 Procellariiformes
科：	南海燕科 Oceanitidae
屬：	洋海燕屬 Oceanites
種：	黃蹼洋海燕 O. oceanicus
二名法
	Oceanites oceanicus; Kuhl, 1820
	分佈範圍（藍色）

黃蹼洋海燕（學名：Oceanites oceanicus）是海燕科的一種小型海鳥。是全球最廣為分布的鳥類之一，主要生活在南半球的極地附近，夏季也會向北遷徙到北半球。估計全球有超過五千萬對黃蹼洋海燕。^[2]黃蹼洋海燕的英文名為Wilson's storm petrel，用以紀念一位美籍蘇格蘭鳥類學家Alexander Wilson。

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外觀

黃蹼洋海燕是一種小型海鳥，體長16-18.5厘米，翼展38-42厘米。除了臀部和側腹部為白色之外，其餘全身羽毛均為深棕色。黃蹼洋海燕的翼下有明顯的淺色條帶狀紋路。^[3]指間的蹼呈黃色，亞成體的蹼上有黑色斑點。^[4]^[5]

分布

黃蹼洋海燕在南極洲的海岸線及附近島嶼上繁殖。非繁殖期時，他們則是生活在大海上，當南半球的冬季來臨時則會北上。相比太平洋，他們在大西洋更加常見。在非繁殖期時，黃蹼洋海燕是一種典型的遠洋鳥類，再加上他們的繁殖地處南極，因此人們平時很難在陸地上看到他們。

行為

和其他很多鸌類一樣，黃蹼洋海燕常貼近海平面低飛，捕食海面附近的獵物。即使風平浪靜，他們也能利用海浪鼓起的微風飛行，並使用長腿幫助穩定身形。^[6]黃蹼洋海燕是高度群居的動物，也會跟隨海船飛行。當他們覓食時會發出輕微的吱吱聲。他們主要以海面的浮游無脊椎動物為食，很少跳入水裡抓捕獵物。有時也會捕獵3-8厘米的小魚。^[7]

黃蹼洋海燕的平均體重為40克，是南極最小的溫血動物。^[8]他們在靠近大海的岩縫或小洞穴里築巢繁殖，一次只產一枚卵。^[9]有時候，鳥巢會被積雪覆蓋而被毀，甚至有時幼鳥也會因此死亡。在繁殖地，黃蹼洋海燕是嚴格的夜行性動物，甚至還會避免在月光明亮的夜晚外出，以逃避鷗和賊鷗的捕食。雌雄親鳥均會餵養幼鳥。成鳥可以通過氣味在黑暗中找到自己的巢。

參考資料

[1]
BirdLife International. Oceanites oceanicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].
[2]
Newton, Ian (1998). Population limitation in birds. Academic Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780080879239.
[3]
Flood, Robert L.; Thomas, Bryan (2007). "Identification of 『black-and-white’ storm-petrels of the North Atlantic" (PDF). British Birds 100 (7): 407–442.
[4]
Quillfeldt, Petra; Schmoll, Tim; Peter, Hans-Ulrich (2000). "The use of foot web coloration for the estimation of prebreeder numbers in Wilson's storm-petrels, Oceanites oceanicus". Polar Biology 23 (11): 802–804. doi:10.1007/s003000000167.
[5]
Harrison, Peter (1983). "Identification of white-rumped North Atlantic petrels". British Birds 76 (4): 161–174.
[6]
Withers, P.C. (1979). "Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the 'hovering' flight of Wilson's Storm Petrel" (PDF). J. Exp. Biol. 80: 83–91.
[7]
Croxall, J.P.; North, A.W. (1988). "Fish prey of Wilson's storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus at South Georgia (Antarctica)" (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 78: 37–42.
[8]
Obst, B.S.; Nagy, Kenneth A.; Ricklefs, Robert E. (1987). "Energy Utilization by Wilson's Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)". Physiological Zoology 60 (2): 200–210.
[9]
Gladbach, A.; Braun, C.; Nordt, A.; Peter, H-U; Quillfeldt, P. (2009). "Chick provisioning and nest attendance of male and female Wilson's storm petrels Oceanites oceanicus" (PDF). Polar Biology 32 (9): 1315–1321. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0628-z.

[IUCN-1] [1]
BirdLife International. Oceanites oceanicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].

[2] [2]
Newton, Ian (1998). Population limitation in birds. Academic Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780080879239.

[3] [3]
Flood, Robert L.; Thomas, Bryan (2007). "Identification of 『black-and-white’ storm-petrels of the North Atlantic" (PDF). British Birds 100 (7): 407–442.

[4] [4]
Quillfeldt, Petra; Schmoll, Tim; Peter, Hans-Ulrich (2000). "The use of foot web coloration for the estimation of prebreeder numbers in Wilson's storm-petrels, Oceanites oceanicus". Polar Biology 23 (11): 802–804. doi:10.1007/s003000000167.

[5] [5]
Harrison, Peter (1983). "Identification of white-rumped North Atlantic petrels". British Birds 76 (4): 161–174.

[6] [6]
Withers, P.C. (1979). "Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the 'hovering' flight of Wilson's Storm Petrel" (PDF). J. Exp. Biol. 80: 83–91.

[7] [7]
Croxall, J.P.; North, A.W. (1988). "Fish prey of Wilson's storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus at South Georgia (Antarctica)" (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 78: 37–42.

[8] [8]
Obst, B.S.; Nagy, Kenneth A.; Ricklefs, Robert E. (1987). "Energy Utilization by Wilson's Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)". Physiological Zoology 60 (2): 200–210.

[9] [9]
Gladbach, A.; Braun, C.; Nordt, A.; Peter, H-U; Quillfeldt, P. (2009). "Chick provisioning and nest attendance of male and female Wilson's storm petrels Oceanites oceanicus" (PDF). Polar Biology 32 (9): 1315–1321. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0628-z.

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