不從國教者(Nonconformist),也譯不信奉國教者,指的是不信奉英格蘭教會(英格蘭國教)的新教徒[1]。英格蘭持不同意見者(English Dissenters)和這個詞時常混用。
這個術語出現於斯圖亞特王朝復辟並頒布1662年教會統一法令後。它包括加爾文宗(長老宗和公理會)、浸禮宗、普利茅斯弟兄會、循道宗和貴格會等自由教會信徒[2]。20世紀之前,他們的公民權利和政治權利多有限制。
1662年教會統一法令要求教士遵循公禱書中的所有儀式和規範[3],還要求英格蘭教會的所有牧師都需經主教任命。清教徒很厭惡這種行為,結果近2000名神職人員因拒絕遵守該法案而被逐出教會,史稱「大驅逐」(Great Ejection)。[3]
長老宗、公理會、浸禮宗、加爾文宗等「改革」教派在法案頒布後也被認定為非國教派[4]。雖然1688年寬容法令給予了他們一定的宗教自由[5],但實際生活中存在各種權利的限制。
英國議會禁止他們擔任大多數公職[6]。1732年,倫敦市的不信奉國教者組織起來,抗議政府的不公待遇,並於1828年實現目的[7]。
對不信奉國教者強征的教堂稅(Church rate)也在1868年改為自願[8]。《1836年婚姻法案》(Marriage Act 1836)使他們可以在自己的教堂里結婚,《1880年埋葬法修正案》(Burial Laws Amendment Act 1880)使他們可以在英格蘭教會的墓地下葬。[9] :144–147
此外,不信奉國教者也曾受牛津大學和劍橋大學限制。牛津大學要求申請入學的學生遵守國教三十九條信綱,劍橋大學則要求學生必須遵守三十九條才能獲得文憑。它們曾在1830年代反對向倫敦大學授予特許狀,因為後者沒有這樣的限制。1854年、1856年牛津和劍橋先後取消限制。[10][9]:147
20世紀,隨着宗教勢力的衰弱,不信奉國教者也逐漸減少。[11][12][13]
Sell, Alan P. F. Nonconformist Theology in the Twentieth Century. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2 December 2020: 446. ISBN 978-1-7252-3202-0 (English).
Peberdy, Robert; Waller, Philip. A Dictionary of British and Irish History. John Wiley & Sons. 2 December 2020: 446. ISBN 978-0-631-20154-0 (English).
Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, Part One: 1829–1859 (1966) pp. 60–95, 142–58
Richard W. Davis, "The Strategy of 'Dissent' in the Repeal Campaign, 1820–1828". Journal of Modern History 38.4 (1966): 374–393. .
Olive Anderson, "Gladstone's Abolition of Compulsory Church Rates: a Minor Political Myth and its Historiographical Career". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25#2 (1974): 185–198. doi:10.1017/S0022046900045735.
Richard Helmstadter, "The Nonconformist Conscience" in Peter Marsh, ed., The Conscience of the Victorian State (1979)
Lund, Valerie K., "The admission of religious nonconformists to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and to degrees in those universities, 1828--1871" (1978). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. William & Mary. Paper 1539625037. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-xzep-p808
Steve Bruce, and Tony Glendinning, "When was secularization? Dating the decline of the British churches and locating its cause". British Journal of Sociology 61#1 (2010): 107–126. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01304.x.
Callum G. Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800–2000 (2009)
Alan D. Gilbert, The making of post-Christian Britain: a history of the secularization of modern society (Longman, 1980).
- Choudhury, Bibhash. English Social and Cultural History: An Introductory Guide and Glossary 2nd. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 2005. ISBN 8120328493.
- Cross, F.L., E.A. Livingstone , 編, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3rd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997
- Helmstadter, Richard J. The Nonconformist Conscience. Marsh, Peter (編). The Conscience of the Victorian State. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 1979: 135–72. doi:10.1086/ahr/85.1.126.
- Mitchell, Sally, Victorian Britain An Encyclopedia, London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011, ISBN 978-0415668514
- Reynolds, Noel Beldon, Cole Durham , 編, Religious liberty in Western thought, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003, ISBN 0802848532