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通雅
維基百科,自由的 encyclopedia
《通雅》明代科學家、文字學家方以智撰,共52卷,收入四庫全書。《通雅》內容廣泛,考證名物、象數、訓詁、音聲等。通雅全書24門:音義、讀書、小學大略、詩說、文章、天文、地理、身體、稱謂、姓名、官制、禮儀、樂曲、樂舞、器用、宮室、飲食、金石、算數、動植物、脈考等,是一部百科全書式的著作。
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清紀昀《四庫全書提要》十分推崇方以智的《通雅》,他認為明中葉的楊慎雖博洽但好偽說;焦竑也喜考證,但動輒引用佛典,失於蕪雜;「然以智崛起於崇禎中,考據精核,迴出其上,風氣既開,國初顧炎武、閻若璩、朱彝尊等沿波而起,始一掃懸揣之空談,其中千慮一失,或所不免,而窮源溯委,詞必有證,在明代考證家中,可謂卓然獨立者矣」。
梁啓超在《中國近三百年學術史》中指出方以智治學方法有三大特點[1]:
- 推崇疑問:「物理無可疑者,吾疑之,而必深求其故也」,「學不能觀古今之通,又不能疑,焉貴書簏乎」
- 重視旁證:「是正古文,比籍他證,乃可明也」。
- 不盲從古人,全書每條都有自己的見解