路德維希·愛德華·玻爾茲曼(德語:Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann;1844年2月20日—1906年9月5日)是奧地利物理學家、哲學家。作為物理學家,他最偉大的功績是發展了通過原子性質(如原子量、電荷量、結構等)來解釋預測物質物理性質(如黏性、熱傳導、擴散等)的統計力學,並且從統計概念出發,完美闡釋了熱力學第二定律。
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路德維希·玻爾茲曼 Ludwig Boltzmann
路德維希·玻爾茲曼
出生
路德維希·愛德華·玻爾茲曼 Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (1844-02-20)1844年2月20日 奧地利帝國維也納
"Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) along with Nernst[,] Arrhenius, and Meitner must be considered among Boltzmann’s most outstanding students."—Jäger, Gustav; Nabl, Josef; Meyer, Stephan. Three Assistants on Boltzmann. Synthese. April 1999, 119 (1–2): 69–84. doi:10.1023/A:1005239104047.
熵的另外一個定義是由克勞德·艾爾伍德·香農於1948年引入。[1] (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) 這一定義雖然是針對信息論提出,但可以在所有科學領域應用。當概率均勻分布時,這個定義可以還原為玻爾茲曼的定義,但只有在不同時才有實際應用意義。Its virtue is that it yields immediate results without resorting to factorials or Stirling's approximation. Similar formulas are found, however, as far back as the work of Boltzmann, and explicitly in Gibbs (see reference).
Boltzmann, L. (1974). The second law of thermodynamics. Populare Schriften, Essay 3, address to a formal meeting of the Imperial Academy of Science, 29 May 1886, reprinted in Ludwig Boltzmann, Theoretical
physics and philosophical problem, S. G. Brush (Trans.). Boston: Reidel. (Original work published 1886)
Boltzmann, L. (1974). The second law of thermodynamics. p. 20
Roman Sexl & John Blackmore (eds.), "Ludwig Boltzmann – Ausgewahlte Abhandlungen", (Ludwig Boltzmann Gesamtausgabe, Band 8), Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1982.
John Blackmore (ed.), "Ludwig Boltzmann – His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900–1906, Book One: A Documentary History", Kluwer, 1995. ISBN 978-0-7923-3231-2
John Blackmore, "Ludwig Boltzmann – His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900–1906, Book Two: The Philosopher", Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1995. ISBN 978-0-7923-3464-4
John Blackmore (ed.), "Ludwig Boltzmann – Troubled Genius as Philosopher", in Synthese, Volume 119, Nos. 1 & 2, 1999, pp. 1–232.
Brush, Stephen G. (ed. & tr.), Boltzmann, Lectures on Gas Theory, Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press, 1964
Brush, Stephen G. (ed.), Kinetic Theory, New York: Pergamon Press, 1965
Everdell, William R. The First Moderns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1997.
P. Ehrenfest & T. Ehrenfest (1911) "Begriffliche Grundlagen der statistischen Auffassung in der Mechanik", in Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluß ihrer Anwendungen Band IV, 2. Teil ( F. Klein and C. Müller (eds.). Leipzig: Teubner, pp. 3–90. Translated as The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics. New York: Cornell University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-486-49504-0
Klein, Martin J. The Development of Boltzmann’s Statistical Ideas. E.G.D. Cohen and W. Thirring (eds) (編). The Boltzmann Equation: Theory and Applications. Acta physica Austriaca Suppl. 10. Wien: Springer. 1973: 53–106. ISBN 0-387-81137-0.
Gibbs, Josiah Willard. Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, developed with especial reference to the rational foundation of thermodynamics. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1902.