社會性死亡

社會性死亡（英語：Social death），簡稱社死，指的是人身敗名裂，被社會忽視、孤立或隔離。像奧蘭多‧帕特森（英語：Orlando Patterson）和齊格蒙·鮑曼等社會學家有用過此詞語，研究奴隸及納粹大屠殺的歷史學家也使用此一詞語來說明政府隔離和社會隔離在此過程中扮演的角色^[1][2]。以下是一些社會性死亡的例子：

• 種族和性別排斥、迫害、奴役以及種族隔離^[3][4][5]。
• 政府將一些人或是群體排除在社會之外，例如古雅典的陶片放逐制，罪犯、娼妓、法外之徒^[6][7]。
• 對患有精神疾病的人進行的機構收容（英語：Institutionalisation）及隔離。

可以說，「退化」（英語：Degeneration）病症理論以及類似的理論是最極端的社會性死亡的例子。這類退化的概念在左翼及右翼的政治群體中都有出現。不論左翼還是右翼的政治群體，會用「頹廢」（decadence）一詞來形容和他們在社會、道德、宗教、美學或政治立場上不同的人：對左翼而言，頹廢一詞是用來形容傾向抑制任何形式進步的右翼人士；對右翼而言，頹廢一詞是用來形容破壞社會基本秩序的左翼人士。

相關條目

• 村八分
• 絕罰
• 流亡
• 流放
• 記錄抹煞
• 奴隸制度

註解

1. Claudia Card, Genocide and Social Death, Hypatia, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter 2003)
2. BRODBER, ERNA. History and Social Death. Caribbean Quarterly. December 2012, 58 (4): 111–115.
3. Family and Psycho-Social Dimensions of Death and Dying in African Americans, Key Topics on End-of-Life Care for African Americans, Duke Institute on Care at the End of Life and the Initiative to Improve Palliative Care for African Americans
4. John Edwin Mason, Social Death and Resurrection: Slavery and Emancipation in South Africa, ISBN 0-8139-2178-3
5. Patterson 2000. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPatterson2000 (幫助)
6. Jaap W. Ouwerkerk, et al., Avoiding the Social Death Penalty: Threat of Ostracism and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas, The 7th Annual Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology: The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying, Mar. 16-18, 2004 (Alternate link)
7. Matelita Ragogo, Social Death Part of AIDS Tragedy, Says HIV-Positive Advocate, Agence France Presse, Sept. 9, 2002

參考資料

• Claudia Card, Genocide and Social Death, Hypatia, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter 2003)
• Family and Psycho-Social Dimensions of Death and Dying in African Americans, Key Topics on End-of-Life Care for African Americans, Duke Institute on Care at the End of Life and the Initiative to Improve Palliative Care for African Americans
• Brian Garavaglia, Avoiding the Tendency to Medicalize the Grieving Process: Reconciliation Rather Than Resolution （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, The New Social Worker Online, Summer 2006
• John Edwin Mason, Social Death and Resurrection: Slavery and Emancipation in South Africa （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, ISBN 0-8139-2178-3
• Jaap W. Ouwerkerk, et al., Avoiding the Social Death Penalty: Threat of Ostracism and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, The 7th Annual Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology: The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying, Mar. 16-18, 2004 (Alternate link)
• Orlando Patterson. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. 1985. ISBN 0-674-81082-1. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• Matelita Ragogo, Social Death Part of AIDS Tragedy, Says HIV-Positive Advocate （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Agence France Presse, Sept. 9, 2002
• Deborah C. Reidy, Stigma is Social Death: Mental Health Consumers/Survivors Talk About Stigma In Their Lives （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Alaska Mental Health Consumer Web
• Stuart Waldman, Surviving a Fate Worse than Death: The Plight of the Homebound Elderly （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Loss, Grief & Care: A Journal of Professional Practice Vol. 6, No. 4 (May 14, 1993), ISSN 8756-4610
• Trish Williams, Death, Dying and Grieving （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Losing Tom: A Documentary Film