奧氏櫛龍屬

奧氏櫛龍屬（屬名：Augustynolophus）是一屬櫛龍亞科的鴨嘴龍科恐龍，發現於加州的莫雷諾組（英語：Moreno Formation）（Moreno Formation），^[1]年代為馬斯垂克階，使牠成為白堊紀-古近紀滅絕事件前最後存在的恐龍。^[2]

此條目頁的主題是獨立的屬奧氏櫛龍屬（Augustynolophus）。關於櫛龍屬的模式種奧氏櫛龍（Saurolophus osborni），請見「櫛龍屬」。

奧氏櫛龍屬 化石時期：白堊紀晚期，70–66 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
正模標本的頭骨
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	蜥形綱 Sauropsida
總目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	†鳥臀目 Ornithischia
亞目：	†鳥腳亞目 Ornithopoda
科：	†鴨嘴龍科 Hadrosauridae
亞科：	†櫛龍亞科 Saurolophinae
屬：	†奧氏櫛龍屬 Augustynolophus Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
模式種
†莫氏奧氏櫛龍 Augustynolophus morrisi Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
異名
莫氏櫛龍 Saurolophus morrisi (Prieto-Márquez, 2013)

發現歷史

胸部和肢體材料

屬名紀念贊助洛杉磯博物館的奧古斯汀（Augustyn）家族，加上字尾-lophus意指牠和櫛龍的關係，種名紀念古生物學家威廉·莫里斯（William Morris）^[3]，最初被敘述成櫛龍的一個種：莫氏櫛龍（Saurolophus morrisi）^[4][5]，然而在經過更深入的研究後，發現牠在顱骨結構上與櫛龍族的其他物種：奧氏櫛龍^[6][7][8]、窄吻櫛龍^[9][10]、巨原櫛龍有很大差異，足以自成一屬。^[11]

所有已知的奧氏櫛龍標本發現都侷限於加州，該州屬於拉臘米迪亞古陸的一部分，是世界著名的恐龍化石點之一。^[12]目前有兩個已知的奧氏櫛龍標本：正模標本LACM / CIT 2852出土於1943年，由大部分頭骨（包含齒骨和前齒骨）、脊椎、四肢和手部組成；第二具標本LACM / CIT 2760發現於1939年，由頭骨和四肢組成。根據較小的體型，推測可能是青少年個體。^[5][13]這是來自美國西海岸的三種已知的恐龍之一，另外兩種分別是坎潘階的漂泊甲龍^[14]、和來自華盛頓州的未敘述暴龍科^[15]。但在加州和鄰近地區也發現了未定的鴨嘴龍類遺骸。^[16][17]

2017年9月，奧氏櫛龍被指定為加州的州恐龍。^[18]

敘述

生命復原與體型比例

如同所有鴨嘴龍類，奧氏櫛龍是植食性恐龍，並有特化於咀嚼食物的齒系。^[19]

古生態學

臉部和下頜材料

拉臘米迪亞海岸省份的恐龍所知甚少^[20]，如同西部內陸海道對面阿帕拉契亞古陸（英語：Appalachia (landmass)）的情況。美西擁有豐富的化石發現和歷史，最著名的例子有地獄溪組（Hell Creek Formation）及雙麥迪遜組（英語：Two Medicine Formation）（Two Medicine Formation）。^[21]然而美西海岸和阿帕拉契亞一樣，陸生動物（主要是恐龍）並未被妥善的研究也不知名。

儘管加州恐龍罕見的事實，但莫雷諾組是加州研究最深入的中生代地層之一，並以大量海相化石聞名^{[22][23][24][25]}。與奧氏櫛龍生活於同一地區的生物包括了龜、滄龍、蛇頸龍及輻鰭魚類^[26]。其中生活於莫雷諾組的龜包括王龜屬（英語：Basilemys）及甲尾龜屬（英語：Osteopygis）^[27]；滄龍類包括傾齒龍屬、大洋龍屬、近瘤龍屬及浮龍屬^[28]；蛇頸龍包括費雷斯諾龍屬、莫雷諾龍屬（英語：Morenosaurus）、海泡龍屬及水怪龍屬^[29][30][31]；輻鰭魚類則包括邦魚屬及蜥齒魚屬（英語：Saurodon）^[32]。

參考資料

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3. Prieto-Márquez, Albert; Wagner, Jonathan R.; Bell, Phil R.; Chiappe, Luis M. The late-surviving 'duck-billed' dinosaur Augustynolophus from the upper Maastrichtian of western North America and crest evolution in Saurolophini. Geological Magazine. 2014, 152 (2): 225–241. Bibcode:2015GeoM..152..225P. doi:10.1017/S0016756814000284.
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