基奈半島狼

基奈半島狼; 化石時期：0.81–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼ 中更新世至1915年
保護狀況
	; 絕滅（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	哺乳綱 Mammalia
目：	食肉目 Carnivora
科：	犬科 Canidae
屬：	犬屬 Canis
種：	狼 C. lupus
亞種：	基奈半島狼 C. l. alces
三名法
	Canis lupus alces; Goldman, 1941
	灰狼亞種在北美洲的分布

基奈半島狼（學名：Canis lupus alces）是一個灰狼亞種。原分布在阿拉斯加州基奈半島，因人類捕殺而於1925年滅絕^[3]。

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體型

基奈半島狼在被滅絕之前是北美最大的狼，身長為5-7英尺（150-215厘米），高35至44英寸（89-112厘米）。它的體長從60英寸到84英寸（5英尺到7英尺）不等，估計最重可達200-250磅^[4]^[5]^[6]。

特徵

愛德華·阿方索·戈德曼（英語：Edward Alphonso Goldman）提出，基奈半島狼體型龐大可能是自然選擇的結果，因其主要依賴駝鹿為食^[7]^[8]。

史密森尼學會收藏有基奈半島狼的一塊頭骨標本，編號為「USNM 147471」^[9]。

歷史

1941年，基奈半島狼被戈德曼劃分為阿拉斯加州四個灰狼亞種之一^[1]。2005年出版的《世界哺乳動物》也將其認定為灰狼的一個亞種^[10]。

20世紀前，牠們在基奈半島上很常見。然而，1895年，基奈半島開採出金礦，引發淘金熱。懼怕狂犬病的礦工隨即開始濫殺狼群。至1915年，狼群絕跡^[11]^[12]^[13]。1925年，基奈半島狼被宣布滅絕^[14]。

基奈半島狼絕跡五十年後，1960年代，基奈半島被發現有狼群重新定居^[15]。儘管如此，基因組學研究表明，現有狼群與原基奈半島狼的遺傳相似性很小。因此，可以認為該亞種已經絕滅^[16]。

參考文獻

[1]
Goldman, E. A. 1941 Sep 30. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 54: 109.
[2]
Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941. ITIS.
[3]
Weckworth, Byron V.; Talbot, Sandra; Sage, George K.; Person, David K.; Cook, Joseph. A Signal for Independent Coastal and Continental histories among North American wolves (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14 (4): 917–31 [2021-02-02]. PMID 15773925. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02461.x. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-06-19）.
[4]
Fun Kenai Peninsula Wolf Facts For Kids. [2023-06-03]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-03）.
[5]
Kenai Peninsula Wolf. lookseek. [2021-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-03）.
[6]
Kenai Peninsula Wolf. FactRepublic. [2023-06-03]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-19）.
[7]
Goldman EA. 1944. Classification of wolves: part II. Pages 389– 636 in Young SP, Goldman EA, editors. The wolves of North America. Washington, D.C.: The American Wildlife Institute.
[8]
L. David Mech, The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species, The Natural History Press, 1970, Appendix A page 2
[9]
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941.
[10]
Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (編). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494. NLC 001238428. url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576
[11]
Peterson, R.O. and J.D. Woolington. 1982. The apparent extirpation and reappearance of wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Pages 334-344 in Harrington, F.H. and P.C. Paquet (eds.). Wolves of the world. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey. 474 pp
[12]
Palmer, L. J. 1938. Kenai Peninsula moose. Research Project Report, Bureau of Biological Survey-Sept.-Oct. 1938. Unpubl. report, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge files, 24 pp,typewritten
[13]
Effects of Increased Human Populations on. Wildlife Resources of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Edward E. Bangs. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1982 [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
[14]
Charles Bergman. Wild Echoes: Encounters With the Most Endangered Animals in North America. University of Illinois Press. 2003: 256– [2021-02-02]. ISBN 978-0-252-07125-6. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-02）.
[15]
Peterson, Rolf O., et al. 「Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.」 Wildlife Monographs, no. 88, 1984, pp. 3–52. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3830728. Accessed 3 Feb. 2021.
[16]
Sand Håkan, Wikenros Camilla, Wabakken Petter and Liberg Olof 2006Cross-continental differences in patterns of predation: will naive moose in Scandinavia ever learn?Proc. R. Soc. B.2731421–1427 http://doi.org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3447

[goldman1941-1] [1]
Goldman, E. A. 1941 Sep 30. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 54: 109.

[2] [2]
Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941. ITIS.

[3] [3]
Weckworth, Byron V.; Talbot, Sandra; Sage, George K.; Person, David K.; Cook, Joseph. A Signal for Independent Coastal and Continental histories among North American wolves (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14 (4): 917–31 [2021-02-02]. PMID 15773925. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02461.x. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-06-19）.

[4] [4]
Fun Kenai Peninsula Wolf Facts For Kids. [2023-06-03]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-03）.

[5] [5]
Kenai Peninsula Wolf. lookseek. [2021-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-03）.

[6] [6]
Kenai Peninsula Wolf. FactRepublic. [2023-06-03]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-19）.

[7] [7]
Goldman EA. 1944. Classification of wolves: part II. Pages 389– 636 in Young SP, Goldman EA, editors. The wolves of North America. Washington, D.C.: The American Wildlife Institute.

[8] [8]
L. David Mech, The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species, The Natural History Press, 1970, Appendix A page 2

[9] [9]
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941.

[wozencraft2005-10] [10]
Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (編). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494. NLC 001238428. url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576

[11] [11]
Peterson, R.O. and J.D. Woolington. 1982. The apparent extirpation and reappearance of wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Pages 334-344 in Harrington, F.H. and P.C. Paquet (eds.). Wolves of the world. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey. 474 pp

[12] [12]
Palmer, L. J. 1938. Kenai Peninsula moose. Research Project Report, Bureau of Biological Survey-Sept.-Oct. 1938. Unpubl. report, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge files, 24 pp,typewritten

[13] [13]
Effects of Increased Human Populations on. Wildlife Resources of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Edward E. Bangs. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1982 [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[bergman2003-14] [14]
Charles Bergman. Wild Echoes: Encounters With the Most Endangered Animals in North America. University of Illinois Press. 2003: 256– [2021-02-02]. ISBN 978-0-252-07125-6. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-02）.

[15] [15]
Peterson, Rolf O., et al. 「Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.」 Wildlife Monographs, no. 88, 1984, pp. 3–52. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3830728. Accessed 3 Feb. 2021.

[16] [16]
Sand Håkan, Wikenros Camilla, Wabakken Petter and Liberg Olof 2006Cross-continental differences in patterns of predation: will naive moose in Scandinavia ever learn?Proc. R. Soc. B.2731421–1427 http://doi.org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3447

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