噬菌體展示週期。 1) 病毒外殼蛋白+要被進化的基因(通常是抗體片段)的融合蛋白在噬菌體中表達。 2) the library of phage are washed over an immobilised target. 3) the remaining high-affinity binders are used to infect bacteria. 4) the genes encoding the high-affinity binders are isolated. 5) those genes may have random mutations introduced and used to perform another round of evolution. The selection and amplification steps can be performed multiple times at greater stringency to isolate higher-affinity binders.