专业

专业是一个汉语词汇，指可以进行专精研究的某种行业，也称为专门业（英语：profession^{[注 1]}）。从事专业的人群可以被称为专家，是一群纪律严明、遵守道德标准的群体，一般是在进行过科研、参与过教育和培训体系中获得了特殊知识和技能，以及被公众接受的相关学位或证书，并为了他人的利益而锻炼这些技能与知识并加以应用的人群。^[1]^[2]

专业也是一种建立在专门教育培训之上的职业，其目的是为他人提供（无私而客观的）建议和服务，以获直接而确定的报酬。^[3]中世纪和近代早期的欧洲传统只承认三种职业：神学、医学和法学^[4]^[5]。职业不是工艺^[6]也不是产业。^[7]

一些专业在地位和权力方面略有变化，但随著时间的推移，它们的声望通常保持稳定，即使该专业开始需要更多的学习和正规教育。^[8] 最近正式化的学科，例如建筑学，现在也有同样长的研究时间与之相关。^[9]

尽管专家可能享有较高的地位和公众声望，但并非所有专业人士的薪水都很高，甚至在特定行业内，薪水也存在显著差异。例如，在法律中，按小时工作的公司辩护律师的收入可能是检察官或公设辩护人收入的数倍。^{[来源请求]}

形成

当任何行业或职业透过“基于教育、学徒和考试的正式资格的发展，具有接纳和惩戒成员权力的监管机构的出现，以及某种程度的垄断权而自我转变时，专业就通过专业化过程而产生”。^[10]

可能标志著职业被确定为专业的主要里程碑包括：^[11]

职业成为全职职业
建立培训学校
建立大学学院
成立地方专业协会
成立全国专业伦理控管组织
制定该领域从业许可相关法规

将这些里程碑应用于美国的历史发展顺序表明，测量领域首先取得专业地位（乔治·华盛顿、汤玛斯·杰佛逊和亚伯拉罕·林肯在进入政界前都曾担任土地测量师^[12]^[13]^[14]），其次是医学、精算科学、法律、牙科、土木工程、物流、建筑和会计等。^[15]

随著 19 世纪技术和职业专业化的兴起，其他机构开始取得专业地位：机械工程、药学、兽医、心理学、护理、教学、图书馆学、验光和社会工作等。^[16]

注释

[注 1]
在英语中，专业一词是对自由专业（英语：liberal profession）这个词的截断，后者源自法语相应词汇 profession libérale。最初由英语使用者在 19 世纪借用，从 20 世纪后期开始被国际使用者重新借用，尽管该术语的（中上）阶级色彩似乎无法在重新翻译后幸存下来：“自由职业”是，根据欧盟关于承认专业资格的指令 (2005/36/EC)，“那些在相关专业资格的基础上以个人、负责任和专业独立的能力实践的人，为利益提供智力和概念服务的人客户和公众”。

参见

参考资料

[1]
What is a Profession. Australian Council of Professions 2003. [19 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-01）.
[2]
What is a Profession. Professional Standards Council. [9 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-26）.
[3]
New Statesman, 21 April 1917, article by Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb quoted with approval at paragraph 123 of a report by the UK Competition Commission, dated 8 November 1977, entitled Architects Services (in Chapter 7).
[4]
Popat, Nitin. Introduction to Accounting. [10 September 2016]. ISBN 9781329911642. （原始内容存档于2021-12-16）.
[5]
Perks, R.W.(1993): Accounting and Society. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.
[6]
John J Parker, "A Profession Not a Skilled Trade" (1955-1956) 8 South Carolina Law Quarterly 179 HeinOnline （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Sommerlad, Harris-Short, Vaughan and Young (eds), The Futures of Legal Education and the Legal Profession, Bloomsbury, 2015, p 147; Richard Colman, "Medicine is a profession not a trade" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, British Medical Journal, 7 October 2001; A M Linz, "A profession, not a trade" (December 1990) New York State Dental Journal 56(10):16 PubMed （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; E. G. Eberle, "The practice of medicine held to be a profession and not a trade" (August 1939) 28 Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 482 Wiley （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Wendler, Tremml and Buecker (eds), Key Aspects of German Business Law: A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed, Springer, 2002, p 255; William F Ryan, "Methods of Achieving Professional Recognition" (1946) The American Engineer, vols 16-17, p 8 [1] [2].
[7]
(1961) 2 The Industrial and Labour Law Digest, 1926-1959, Annotated 668; Sharma and Goyal, Hospital Administration And Human Resource Management, 5th Ed, PHI Learning, p 445.
[8]
Fossum, John; Moore, Michael. The stability of longitudinal and cross-sectional occupational prestige rankings. Journal of Vocational Behavior. December 1975, 7 (3): 305–311 [2021-12-15]. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(75)90072-X. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25） –通过Elsevier Science Direct.
[9]
Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 82-547-0174-1.
[10]
Alan Bullock & Stephen Trombley, The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London: Harper-Collins, 1999, p.689.
[11]
Perks, R.W.(1993): Accounting and Society. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.
[12]
Redmond, Edward. Washington as Public Land Surveyor. Library of Congress. [17 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-14）.
[13]
Boehm, Jay. Surveying. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. March 1998 [17 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-15）.
[14]
Lincoln's New Salem 1830-1837. National Park Service. 10 April 2015 [17 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-18）.
[15]
Perks, p.3.
[16]
Buckley, J.W. & Buckley, M.H. (1974): The Accounting Profession. Melville, Los Angeles. Quoted by Perks, p.4.

[1] [注 1]
在英语中，专业一词是对自由专业（英语：liberal profession）这个词的截断，后者源自法语相应词汇 profession libérale。最初由英语使用者在 19 世纪借用，从 20 世纪后期开始被国际使用者重新借用，尽管该术语的（中上）阶级色彩似乎无法在重新翻译后幸存下来：“自由职业”是，根据欧盟关于承认专业资格的指令 (2005/36/EC)，“那些在相关专业资格的基础上以个人、负责任和专业独立的能力实践的人，为利益提供智力和概念服务的人客户和公众”。

[2] [1]
What is a Profession. Australian Council of Professions 2003. [19 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-01）.

[3] [2]
What is a Profession. Professional Standards Council. [9 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-26）.

[4] [3]
New Statesman, 21 April 1917, article by Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb quoted with approval at paragraph 123 of a report by the UK Competition Commission, dated 8 November 1977, entitled Architects Services (in Chapter 7).

[5] [4]
Popat, Nitin. Introduction to Accounting. [10 September 2016]. ISBN 9781329911642. （原始内容存档于2021-12-16）.

[perks-p22-6] [5]
Perks, R.W.(1993): Accounting and Society. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.

[7] [6]
John J Parker, "A Profession Not a Skilled Trade" (1955-1956) 8 South Carolina Law Quarterly 179 HeinOnline （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Sommerlad, Harris-Short, Vaughan and Young (eds), The Futures of Legal Education and the Legal Profession, Bloomsbury, 2015, p 147; Richard Colman, "Medicine is a profession not a trade" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, British Medical Journal, 7 October 2001; A M Linz, "A profession, not a trade" (December 1990) New York State Dental Journal 56(10):16 PubMed （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; E. G. Eberle, "The practice of medicine held to be a profession and not a trade" (August 1939) 28 Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 482 Wiley （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Wendler, Tremml and Buecker (eds), Key Aspects of German Business Law: A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed, Springer, 2002, p 255; William F Ryan, "Methods of Achieving Professional Recognition" (1946) The American Engineer, vols 16-17, p 8 [1] [2].

[8] [7]
(1961) 2 The Industrial and Labour Law Digest, 1926-1959, Annotated 668; Sharma and Goyal, Hospital Administration And Human Resource Management, 5th Ed, PHI Learning, p 445.

[9] [8]
Fossum, John; Moore, Michael. The stability of longitudinal and cross-sectional occupational prestige rankings. Journal of Vocational Behavior. December 1975, 7 (3): 305–311 [2021-12-15]. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(75)90072-X. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25） –通过Elsevier Science Direct.

[10] [9]
Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 82-547-0174-1.

[11] [10]
Alan Bullock & Stephen Trombley, The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London: Harper-Collins, 1999, p.689.

[perks-p23-12] [11]
Perks, R.W.(1993): Accounting and Society. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.

[13] [12]
Redmond, Edward. Washington as Public Land Surveyor. Library of Congress. [17 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-14）.

[14] [13]
Boehm, Jay. Surveying. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. March 1998 [17 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-15）.

[15] [14]
Lincoln's New Salem 1830-1837. National Park Service. 10 April 2015 [17 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-18）.

[16] [15]
Perks, p.3.

[17] [16]
Buckley, J.W. & Buckley, M.H. (1974): The Accounting Profession. Melville, Los Angeles. Quoted by Perks, p.4.

[注 1]

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