麻黄属（学名：Ephedra）是麻黄科（Ephedraceae）的唯一属，约67种[1]，分布在亚洲、美洲、东南欧洲和北非等干旱和荒漠地区，有12种，主要生长在干旱山地和荒漠中。
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本属植物为灌木或亚灌木；多分枝，小枝对生或轮生，绿色；单叶对生，通常退化为膜质的鞘；花单性，雌雄异株，雄花有2－4裂的假花被，雌花有一个顶端开口的囊状假花被，发育成革质假种皮；果实为假浆果状。
本属植物多数含有生物碱，可以入药，其中最著名的麻黄（E.sinica Stapf）是重要药材。此外可以固沙保土，麻黄果可以食用。传统上本纲植物属于裸子植物门，但比裸子植物进化，木质部有导管，孢子叶球有盖被，最新的分类将其单独列为一个门。
麻黄生药
- 膜果麻黄组 Sect. Alatae Stapf
- 麻黄组 Sect. Ephedra
本科包括以下属：[2]
- Ephedra alata Decne.
- Ephedra alata Schimp. ex Carrière, 1855
- Ephedra altissima Desf.
- Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
- Ephedra antisyphilitica Berland. ex C.A.Mey.
- Ephedra aphylla Forssk.
- Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S.Watson
- Ephedra aurantiaca Takht. & Pachom.
- Ephedra aurea Brullo, C.Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa & Giusso, 2022
- Ephedra boelckei F.A.Roig
- Ephedra botschantzevii Pachom.
- Ephedra breana Phil.
- Ephedra brevifoliata Ghahr.
- 加州麻黄 Ephedra californica S.Watson
- Ephedra campulopoda DC., 1868
- 诚氏麻黄 Ephedra chengiae Y.Yang & D.K.Ferguson[3]
- 刺枝麻黄 Ephedra chengiae var. spinosa Y.Yang & D.K.Ferguson[3]
- Ephedra chilensis C.Presl
- Ephedra compacta Rose
- Ephedra coryi E.L.Reed
- Ephedra cutleri Peebles
- Ephedra dahurica Turcz.
- Ephedra dawuensis Y.Yang
- Ephedra distachya Brot., 1805
- Ephedra distachya Cladera et al., 2007
- Ephedra distachya Forssk., 1775
- Ephedra distachya Gaudin
- Ephedra distachya L.
- Ephedra distachya Vill., 1789
- 木贼麻黄 Ephedra equisetina Bunge
- Ephedra fasciculata A.Nelson
- 雌雄麻黄 Ephedra fedtschenkoae Paulsen
- Ephedra fedtschenkoi Paulsen, 1904
- Ephedra foeminea Forssk.
- Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A.Mey.
- Ephedra fragilis Desf.
- Ephedra fragilis Fresen.
- Ephedra fragilis Lowe, 1860
- Ephedra frustillata Miers
- Ephedra funerea Coville & C.V.Morton
- 山岭麻黄 Ephedra gerardiana Wall.
- Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Florin, 1933
- Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Klotzsch & Garcke
- Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf
- Ephedra gracilis Phil. ex Stapf
- Ephedra holoptera Riedl
- 中麻黄 Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey.
- Ephedra kardangensis P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal
- Ephedra khurikensis P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal
- Ephedra laristanica Assadi
- 斑子麻黄 Ephedra lepidosperma
- 丽江麻黄 Ephedra likiangensis Florin
- Ephedra lomatolepis Schrenk
- Ephedra major Host
- Ephedra major Puller
- Ephedra milleri Freitag & Maier-St.
- 矮麻黄 Ephedra minuta Florin
- 单子麻黄 Ephedra monosperma J.G.Gmel. ex C.A.Mey.
- Ephedra monostachya Guss.
- Ephedra monostachya Willd., 1806
- Ephedra multiflora Phil. ex Stapf
- Ephedra nevadensis S.Watson
- Ephedra ochreata Miers
- Ephedra oxyphylla Riedl
- Ephedra pachyclada Boiss.
- Ephedra pangiensis Rita Singh & P.Sharma
- Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. ex S.Watson
- Ephedra pentandra Pachom.
- Ephedra procera C.A.Mey.
- 膜果麻黄 Ephedra przewalskii Stapf
- Ephedra pseudodistachya Pachom.
- 细子麻黄 Ephedra regeliana Florin
- Ephedra rhytidosperma Pachom.
- Ephedra rituensis Y.Yang, D.Z.Fu & G.H.Zhu
- Ephedra rupestris Benth.
- Ephedra sarcocarpa Aitch. & Hemsl.
- 藏麻黄 Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin
- 草麻黄 Ephedra sinica Stapf
- Ephedra somalensis Freitag & Maier-St.
- Ephedra strobilacea Bunge
- Ephedra sumlingensis P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal
- Ephedra texana C.F.Reed, 1935
- Ephedra tilhoana Maire
- Ephedra torreyana S.Watson
- Ephedra transitoria Riedl
- Ephedra triandra Tul.
- Ephedra trifurca Parry
- Ephedra trifurca Torr.
- Ephedra trifurca Torr. ex S.Watson
- Ephedra trifurcata Zöllner
- Ephedra tweediana C.A.Mey.
- Ephedra tweedieana C.A.Mey.
- Ephedra viridis Coville
- Ephedra vvedenskyi Pachom.
- Ephedra yangthangensis P.Sharma & Rita Singh
- 归入本属的物种：
- Ephedra ×arenicola H.C.Cutler
- Ephedra ×eleutherolepis V.A.Nikitin
