小包脚菇属（学名：Volvariella）是光柄菇科的一个属，其下有约50种物种[1]，多生长于草原、树林的土壤中，有至少一种物种（立起小包脚菇）寄生于其他蕈类[2]。本属物种的子实体多缺乏蕈环，具有类似鹅膏菌属的蕈托，蕈褶中菌髓发育型态为逆向菌髓（inverse trama，即菌髓发育成熟后，子实下层的菌丝会朝菌髓侧生长）[3]，担孢子表面平滑、梅泽试剂检验结果为阴性（即不含有类淀粉蛋白），孢子印则多为深粉红色[3]。有些物种外形与鹅膏菌属的类群相当类似，但后者多具有蕈环，且孢子印呈白色[1]。
2002年，有分子系统发生学研究显示小包脚菇属与裂褶菌属与牛排菌属的亲缘关系较为接近[4]，但2011年的研究不支持此一结论，而显示小包脚菇属是一个复系群，因此将粘盖包脚菇等部分物种分出，归入新属Volvopluteus，为光柄菇属的姊妹群，原小包脚菇属的核心类群则与蝇头菌属与拱顶菌属的亲缘关系较为接近[3]。
物种
本属包括以下物种：[5]
- Volvariella aethiops A. Favre & Vialard
- Volvariella alabamensis (Murrill) Shaffer
- Volvariella alachuana (Murrill) Shaffer
- Volvariella apalotricha (Berk. & Broome) Pegler
- Volvariella arenaria (Pat.) Singer
- 小包脚菇 Volvariella argentina Speg.
- 巴氏小包脚菇 Volvariella bakeri (Murrill) Shaffer
- Volvariella bingensis (Beeli) Shaffer
- 银丝草菇 Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff.) Singer，丝盖小包脚菇
- 冬小包脚菇 Volvariella brumalis S.C. He
- Volvariella caesiotincta P.D. Orton
- Volvariella californica (Earle) Singer
- Volvariella canalipes (Murrill) Shaffer
- Volvariella castanea (Massee) G.C. Rath
- Volvariella cinerascens (Bres.) M.M. Moser
- Volvariella clarkeae Grgur.
- Volvariella cnemidophora (Mont.) Singer
- Volvariella congolensis N.C. Pathak
- Volvariella cookei Contu
- 古巴小包脚菇 Volvariella cubensis (Murrill) Shaffer
- Volvariella cygnopotamia (Berk.) Singer
- Volvariella delicatula (Massee) Manjula
- 双体小包脚菇 Volvariella diplasia (Berk. & Broome) Singer
- Volvariella dunensis (Vila, Àngel & Llimona) Justo & M.L. Castro
- 美味草菇 Volvariella esculenta (Massee) Singer，可食小包脚菇
- Volvariella fuscidula (Bres.) M.M. Moser ex Shaffer
- Volvariella glandiformis (Berk. & Broome) Pegler
- 黏盖草菇 Volvariella gloiocephala (DC.) Boekhout & Enderle
- Volvariella goossensiae (Beeli) Shaffer
- Volvariella guttulosa E.F. Malysheva & A.V. Alexandrova
- Volvariella heterospora Menolli & Capelari
- 白毛小包脚菇 Volvariella hypopithys (Fr.) Shaffer
- Volvariella indica M.K. Saini, N.J. Kaur & Atri
- Volvariella insignis Heinem.
- 伊朗小包脚菇 Volvariella iranica (Fallahyan) Szczepka
- Volvariella islagarciae Raithelh.
- 牙买加小包脚菇 Volvariella jamaicensis (Murrill) Shaffer
- 朝鲜小包脚菇 Volvariella koreana Seok, Yang S. Kim, K.M. Park, W.G. Kim, K.H. Yoo & I.C. Park
- Volvariella krizii Pilát
- Volvariella lepiotospora Singer
- Volvariella leucocalix Sá & Wartchow
- Volvariella liliputiana (Henn.) G.C. Rath
- Volvariella macrospora Singer
- Volvariella mammosa N.C. Pathak
- 间型小包脚菇 Volvariella media (Schumach.) Singer
- Volvariella microspila (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Ito
- Volvariella minuta M. Kumar bis, Jagad. & Kaviy.
- Volvariella minutella Courtec.
- Volvariella morozovae E.F. Malysheva & A.V. Alexandrova
- 灰小包脚菇 Volvariella murinella (Quél.) M.M. Moser ex Dennis, P.D. Orton & Hora
- Volvariella nana Pegler
- Volvariella nauseosa (Romagn.) Vizzini & Contu
- Volvariella nigrodisca Shaffer
- Volvariella nigrovolvacea Kosina
- 雪白小包脚菇 Volvariella nivea T.H. Li & Xiang L. Chen
- Volvariella niveosulcata E.F. Malysheva, O.V. Morozova & A.V. Alexandrova
- Volvariella nullicystidiata Menolli & Capelari
- Volvariella oswaldoi (Bat.) Putzke
- Volvariella palmicola (Beeli) Heinem.
- Volvariella paraguayensis (Speg.) Shaffer
- Volvariella parvispora Heinem.
- Volvariella peckii (G.F. Atk.) Shaffer
- Volvariella pellucida Shaffer
- Volvariella perciliata Courtec.
- Volvariella platensis (Speg.) Shaffer
- Volvariella psammophila Singer
- 拟苞小包脚菇 Volvariella pseudovolvacea (Berk. & Broome) Singer
- Volvariella ptilotricha E.F. Malysheva & A.V. Alexandrova
- Volvariella pulla E.F. Malysheva & A.V. Alexandrova
- 矮小包脚菇 Volvariella pusilla (Pers.) Singer
- Volvariella rava T.H. Li & Jiang Xu
- Volvariella reidii Heinem.
- Volvariella rondoniensis Singer
- Volvariella rostricystidiata Niego, Sysouph. & Raspé 2021[6]
- Volvariella sathei Senthil., Rah. Sharma & S.K. Singh
- Volvariella smithii Shaffer
- Volvariella stercoraria (Peck) Singer
- Volvariella strangulata (Romagn.) Vizzini & Contu
- Volvariella striata N.C. Pathak
- 褐毛小包脚菇 Volvariella subtaylorii Hongo
- Volvariella subxerophytica Singer
- 立起小包脚菇 Volvariella surrecta (Knapp) Singer
- 小绒苞小包脚菇 Volvariella taylorii (Berk. & Broome) Singer
- 裂托小包脚菇 Volvariella terastia (Berk. & Broome) Singer
- Volvariella terrea Musumeci & A. Riva
- Volvariella thwaitesii (Hook. f.) G.C. Rath
- 毛托小包脚菇 Volvariella villosovolva (Lloyd) Singer
- 草菇 Volvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer
- Volvariella woodrowiana (Massee) Manjula
-
立起小包脚菇 -
草菇 -
银丝草菇
参考资料
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