卜正民

蒂莫西·詹姆斯·布鲁克（英语：Timothy James Brook，1951年1月6日—），汉名卜正民，出生于加拿大安大略省多伦多市，毕业于多伦多大学、哈佛大学，是一位加拿大的汉学家。^[1][2][3][4]

卜正民 Timothy James Brook
出生	(1951-01-06) 1951年1月6日（74岁）  加拿大安大略省多伦多市
居住地	加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华
国籍	加拿大
语言	英语、汉语、法语
教育程度	博士
母校	多伦多大学 哈佛大学
职业	教授、汉学家
活跃时期	1984年至今
机构	不列颠哥伦比亚大学圣约翰学院
研究领域	明史、西藏史
知名作品	《觊觎权力：佛教与晚期明士绅社会的形成》 《纵乐的困惑：明代的商业与文化》 《明清历史的地理资料》
网站	www.timothybrook.com

生平

1951年，卜正民出生在加拿大安大略省多伦多市并成长于该地。^[1][2][5]

卜正民在多伦多大学取得英语文学学士学位，1977年又在哈佛大学取得东亚历史学硕士学位，1984年在哈佛大学取得东亚历史学和东亚语言博士学位。^[6]

1984年开始，卜正民在阿尔伯塔大学担任研究员；1986年，卜正民担任多伦多大学教授助理；1997年，卜正民担任斯坦福大学教授；1999年以后，他一直担任多伦多大学教授。^[6]

2007年，卜正民担任不列颠哥伦比亚大学圣约翰学院教授；他是不列颠哥伦比亚大学亚洲研究所的西藏问题专家。^[7]

卜正民的学术研究领域主要是中国历史（尤其专注于明史）、中国皇权时期社会法律、日本帝国侵华战争史、1937年到1945年日本帝国亚洲侵略史。^[3][6][8][9]

作品

专著

• Geographical Sources of Ming-Qing History. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1988. Second expanded edition, 2002.
• Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992; Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.^{[10][11][12][13][14]}
• Praying for Power: Buddhism and the Formation of Gentry Society in Late-Ming China. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1993.^{[15][16][17][18]}

• （中文） 《为权力祈祷︰佛教与晚明中国士绅社会的形成》，南京:江苏人民出版，2005

• The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.^[19]

• （捷克文） Čtvero ročních dob dynastie Ming: Čína v období 1368-1644. Prague: Vyšehrad, 2003.
• （中文） 《纵乐的困惑：明代的商业与文化》，北京市，三联书店，2004年。纵乐的困惑─明朝的商业与文化,台北: 联经, 2004
• （朝鲜文） K'waerak ǔi hondon: Chungguk Myǒngdaeǔi sangǒp kwa munhwa. Seoul: Yeesan, 2005.

• Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005.^{[20][21][22][23][24]}

• （中文） 《通敌：二战中国的日本特务与地方菁英》，台北:远流出版社，7.2015。《秩序的沦陷——抗战初期的江南五城》，北京:商务印书馆，10.2015

• The Chinese State in Ming Society. London: Routledge Curzon, 2005.^[25][26]

• （中文） 《明代的社会与国家》,黄山书社,2009。北京:商务印书馆，11.2014

• Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World. New York: Bloomsbury; Toronto: Penguin; London: Profile, 2008.^[3][4]

• （法文） Le chapeau de Vermeer : Le XVIIe siècle à l'aube de la mondialisation. France: Payot, 2010.
• （中文） 《维梅尔的帽子：从一幅画看十七世纪全球贸易》,台北: 远流,2009；《维梅尔的帽子~从一幅画看全球化贸易的兴起》,北京:文汇,2010

• Death by a Thousand Cuts, with Jérôme Bourgon and Gregory Blue. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008.^[27][28]

• （中文） 《杀千刀~ 中西视野下的凌迟处死》，北京，商务印书馆，2013

• The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010; Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2013.^[29][30][31]

（中文） 《挣扎的帝国:气候、经济、社会与探源南海的元明史》，台北:麦田出版社，4.2016

• Mr Selden's Map of China: The spice trade, a lost chart & the South China Sea, Profile Books, 9.2013

（中文） 《塞尔登先生的中国地图:香料贸易、佚失的海图与南中国海》，台北:联经出版社，9.2015；《塞尔登的中国地图:重返东方大航海时代》，北京;中信出版社，9,2015

（中文） 《哈佛中国史 (全六册)》，担任本书主编，并撰写第五卷:《挣扎的帝国:元与明》(即《挣扎的帝国:气候、经济、社会与探源南海的元明史》)，北京;中信出版社，10,2016。原书名:History of Imperial China，哈佛大学出版，2009--2013。

编著

• The Asiatic Mode of Production in China. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1989.^[32]
• National Polity and Local Power: The Transformation of Late Imperial China, by Min Tu-ki. Co- edited with Philip Kuhn. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1989.^[33]
• Culture and Economy: The Shaping of Capitalism in Eastern Asia. Co-edited with Hy Van Luong. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.^[34]
• Civil Society in China. Co-edited with B. Michael Frolic. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997.^[35]
• China and Historical Capitalism: Genealogies of Sinological Knowledge. Co-edited with Gregory Blue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.^[36]

• （中文） Zhongguo yu lishi zibenzhuyi: hanxue zhishi de xipuxue. Taipei: Chu liu tushu gongsi, 2004. Simplified character edition: Shanghai: Xinxing chubanshe, 2005. 中国与历史资本主义~汉学知识的系谱学 ,台北:巨流图书, 2004; 北京: 新星, 2005

• Documents on the Rape of Nanking. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.^[37]

• （中文） Expanded Chinese translation: Nanjing datusha yingwen shiliao ji. Taibei: Shangwu yinshuguan, 2007.

• Nation Work: Asian Elites and National Identities. Co-edited with Andre Schmid. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.^[38]

• （中文） Minzu de goujian: Yazhou jingying ji qi minzu rentong, 2008. 民族的构建: 亚洲精英及其民族身份认同, 吉林出版集团, 2008

• Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952. Co-edited with Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.^[39]

鸦片政权~中国、英国和日本，1839-1952年, 黄山书社, 2009

• The History of Imperial China (6 vols). Cambridge: Harvard University Press (2008-). Editor-in-chief from 2008 to date.

论文

• "The Spread of Rice Cultivation and Rice Technology into the Hebei Region in the Ming and Qing." In Explorations in the History of Science and Technology in China, ed. Li Guohao et al., pp. 659–90. Shanghai: Classics Publishing House, 1982.

• （中文） "Ming-Qing liangdai Hebei diqu tuiguang zhongdao he zhongdao jishu de qingkuang." In Zhongguo keji shi tansuo, pp. 633-56. Shanghai: Guji chubanshe, 1986.

• "Family Continuity and Cultural Hegemony: The Gentry of Ningbo, 1368-1911." In Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, ed. Joseph Esherick and Mary Rankin, pp. 27–50. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
• "Toward Independence: Christianity in China under Japanese Occupation, 1937-1945." Christian-ity and China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present, ed. Daniel Bays, pp. 317–37. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
• "Native Identity under Alien Rule: Local Gazetteers of the Yuan Dynasty." In Pragmatic Literacy, East and West, 1200-1330, ed. Richard Britnell, 235-45. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 1997.
• "Profit and Righteousness in Chinese Economic Culture." In Culture and Economy, ed. Timothy Brook and Hy Van Luong, pp. 27–44.
• "Auto-Organization in Chinese Society." In Civil Society in China, ed. Timothy Brook and B. Michael Frolic, pp. 19–45.
• "At the Margin of Public Authority: The Ming State and Buddhism." Culture and State in Chinese History: Conventions, Conflicts, and Accommodations, ed. Theodore Huters, R. Bin Wong, and Pauline Yü, pp. 161–81. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
• "Communications and Commerce." In The Cambridge History of China, vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, pt. 2, ed. Frederick Mote and Denis Twitchett, pp. 579–707. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
• "Capitalism and the Writing of Modern History in China." In China and Historical Capitalism, ed. Timothy Brook and Gregory Blue, pp. 110–57.
• "Collaborationist Nationalism in Wartime Occupied China." In Nation Work, ed. Timothy Brook and Andre Schmid, pp. 159–90.
• "Opium and Collaboration in Central China, 1938-40." In Opium Regimes, ed. Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, pp. 323–43.
• "The Creation of the Reformed Government in Central China, 1938." In Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932-1945: The Limits of Accommodation, ed. David Barrett and Larry Shyu, pp. 79–101. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.
• "Xu Guangqi in his Context: The World of the Shanghai Gentry." In Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi, ed. Catherine Jami, Pieter Engelfriet, and Gregory Blue, pp. 72–98. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001.
• "The Pacification of Jiading." In Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China, ed. Diana Lary and Stephen MacKinnon, pp. 50–74. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2001.
• "Japan in the Late Ming: The View from Shanghai." In Sagacious Monks and Bloodthirsty War-riors: Chinese Views of Japan in the Ming-Qing Period, edited by Joshua A. Fogel, pp. 42–62. Norwalk CT: EastBridge, 2002.
• "Smoking in Imperial China." In Smoke: A Global History of Smoking, ed. Sander Gilman and Zhuo Xun. London: Reaktion Books, 2004.
• "The Great Way Government of Shanghai." In In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai under Japanese Occupation, ed. Christian Henriot and Wen-hsin Yeh. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• "Institution." In Critical Terms for the Study of Buddhism, ed. Donald Lopez. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

期刊

• "The Teaching of History to Foreign Students at Peking University." With René Wagner. China Quarterly, no. 71 (Sept. 1977), pp. 598–607.
• "Dying Gods in China: Religion since the Cultural Revolution." Commonweal 105:15 (4 August 1978), pp. 490–95.
• "Traveling to the Trigram Mountains: Buddhism after the Gang of Four." Contemporary China 2:4 (Winter 1978), pp. 70–75.
• "The Revival of China's Musical Culture." China Quarterly, no. 77 (March 1979), pp. 113–21.
• "The Merchant Network in Sixteenth Century China." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 24:2 (May 1981), pp. 165–214.
• "Guides for Vexed Travelers: Route Books in the Ming and Qing." 3 pts. Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 4:5 (June 1981), pp. 32–76; 4:6 (December 1981), pp. 130–40; 4:8 (December 1982), pp. 96–109.
• "The Spatial Structure of Ming Local Administration." Late Imperial China 6:1 (June 1985), 1-55.
• "Censorship in Eighteenth-Century China: A View from the Book Trade." Canadian Journal of History 23:2 (August 1988), pp. 177–96.
• "Funerary Ritual and the Building of Lineages in Late Imperial China." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 49:2 (December 1989), pp. 465–99.
• "Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late- Imperial China." Journal of Chinese Religions, no. 21 (Fall 1993), pp. 13–44.
• "Differing Agendas: China and the Human Rights Treaties." China Rights Forum, Winter 1993, pp. 16–19.
• "Mapping Knowledge in the Sixteenth Century: The Gazetteer Cartography of Ye Chunji." The East Asian Library Journal 7:2 (Autumn 1994), pp. 5–32.
• "Weber, Mencius, and the History of Chinese Capitalism." Asian Perspective 19:1 (1995), 79-98.
• "The Sinology of Joseph Needham." Modern China 22:3 (July 1996), pp. 340–48.
• "Edifying Knowledge: The Building of School Libraries in Ming China." Late Imperial China 17:1 (June 1996), pp. 88–114.
• "Medievality and the Chinese Sense of History." Medieval History Journal 1:1 (1998), pp. 145–64.
• "Picturing Clunas: A Review Essay." Ming Studies 40 (spring 1999), pp. 117–24.
• "The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking." The Journal of Asia Studies 60:3(August 2001), pp. 673–700.
• "Is Smoking Chinese?" Ex/Change: Newsletter of Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies (City Univer- sity of Hong Kong), no. 3 (February 2002), pp. 4–6.
• （中文） "Ming-Qing shiqi de guojia tushu jiancha yu tushu maoyi" (State censorship and the book trade in the Ming-Qing period). Shilin (Historical review, published by the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences), 2003, no. 3, pp. 90–104.
• （中文） "Mingdai de haishang maoyi yu lushang yichuan xitong" (The Ming system of maritime trade and overland postal communication). Lishi (Historical Monthly), no. 189 (5 Oct. 2003), pp. 58–65.
• （中文） "Mingdai de daoyou shu" (Travel guides in the Ming dynasty). Lishi, no. 189 (5 Oct 2003), p. 144.

奖项

年份	作品	奖项	是否得奖	备注
2009	《Vermeer's Hat》	马克·林顿历史奖	获奖	[5][40]

参考文献

1. Staff. Biography - Brook, Timothy (James) (1951-): An article from: Contemporary Authors. Thomson Gale. 2007-12-16 [2010-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2008-06-03）.
2. Lumley, Elizabeth. Canadian Who's Who 2003, Volume 38. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. May 2003: 172 [2010-01-27]. ISBN 0-8020-8867-8. （原始内容存档于2012-11-10）. 28th edition (May 2003).
3. Dirda, Michael. Painting the World: How a hunger for tea and tobacco created global trade.. Washington Post. 2008-01-27 [2010-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-20）.
4. Conrad, Peter. A time when every picture told a story. The Observer. 2008-06-29 [2010-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-03）.
5. Staff. Vancouver writer Timothy Brook wins U.S. nonfiction prize. CBC News. 2009-04-01 [2010-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-02）.
6. Staff. Timothy James Brook (profile). St. John's College, University of British Columbia. October 2004 [2010-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2010-02-04）.
7. Staff. New Oxford China Centre launched. University of Oxford. 2008-05-14 [2010-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-09）.
8. Barrett, TH. Vermeer's Hat, by Timothy Brook: The fine art of global trade. The Independent. 2008-08-01 [2010-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-11）.
9. Staff. Death by a Thousand Cuts. Harvard University Press. 2008 [2010-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2010-02-04）.
10. Mulvenon, James. Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement by Timothy Brook. The Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies). February 2000, 59 (1): 145–146 [2010-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）.
11. Wortzel, Larry M. Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement by Timothy Brook. Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (Contemporary China Center, Australian National University). January 1994, (31): 123–126 [2010-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-10）. Volume or issue is simply shown as "No. 31".
12. Staff. FRONTLINE: The Tank Man: Interviews: Timothy Brook (edited transcript). Public Broadcasting Service. 2005-12-11 [2010-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-15）.
13. Dreyer, June Teufel. Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement by Timothy Brook. The China Quarterly (Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies). December 1993, (136): 988–989 [2010-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-06）. Special Issue: Greater China (December 1993).
14. Saich, Tony. Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement by Timothy Brook. Pacific Affairs (Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia). Winter 1993–1994, 66 (4): 573–574 [2010-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）.
15. Barrett, T. H. Praying for Power: Buddhism and the Formation of Gentry Society in Late-Ming China by Timothy Brook. International Journal of Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press). December 1994, 140: 1151–1153 [2010-01-26]. doi:10.1017/S0305741000053029. （原始内容存档于2011-06-04）.
16. Naquin, Susan. Praying for Power: Buddhism and The Formation of Gentry Society in Late-Ming China by Timothy Brook. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Harvard-Yenching Institute). December 1995, 55 (2): 556–568 [2010-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-18）.
17. Struve, Lynn. Praying for Power: Buddhism and the Formation of Gentry Society in Late- Ming China by Timothy Brook. The American Historical Review (American Historical Association). June 1995, 100 (3): 930–931 [2010-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-16）.
18. ter Haar, Barend J. Praying for Power: Buddhism and the Formation of Gentry Society in Late-Ming China by Timothy Brook. T'oung Pao (Brill Publishers). 1999, 85 (4/5): 515–520 [2010-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-10）. Citation reads: "Second Series, Vol. 85, Fasc. 4/5 (1999)".
19. Yee, Danny. The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. dannyreviews.com. 2005 [2010-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-03）.
20. Pye, Lucian W. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China. Council on Foreign Relations: Foreign Affairs. June 2005 [2010-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-25）.
21. Barrett, David P. Timothy Brook. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China (PDF). The Chinese Historical Review (The Chinese Historians in the United States, Inc.). Fall 2005, 12 (2): 339–342 [2010-01-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-19）. The PDF shows a listing of contents for volume 12, No.2, General Issue Number 21. See CHR web site （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
22. Schoppa, R. Keith. Timothy Brook. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China. The American Historical Review (American Historical Association). December 2005, 110 (5): 1501–1502 [2010-01-29]. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.5.1501.
23. Mitter, Rana. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China (PDF). The International History Review (Routledge). 2006, 28: 426 [2010-01-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-10-14）.
24. Duara, Prasenjit. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China (PDF). The China Journal (Contemporary China Center, Australian National University). January 2008, (59): 142–143 [2010-01-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-08-05）.
25. Nakajima, Gakusho. The Chinese State in Ming Society by Timothy Brook. International Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies). January 2006, 3 (01): 143–147 [2010-01-26]. doi:10.1017/S1479591405280257. （原始内容存档于2008-10-13）.
26. Soulliere, Ellen. Timothy Brook, The Chinese State in Ming Society (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies (New Zealand Asian Studies Society). June 2006, 8 (1): 168–171 [2010-01-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-05-26）.
27. Staff. Death by a Thousand Cuts. The Times Higher Education. 2008-05-08 [2010-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-20）.
28. Staff. Death by a Thousand Cuts. The New Yorker. 2008-05-05 [2010-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-10）.
29. Waltner, Ann. Timothy Brook: The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. By Timothy Brook. The Journal of Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press). 2010, 69 (04, November 2010): 1179–1181 [2012-10-24]. doi:10.1017/S0021911810002159. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
30. Bol, Peter. The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties (review) (PDF). Journal of Song-Yuan Studies (Project MUSE). 2011, 41: 405–410 [2012-10-24]. doi:10.1353/sys.2011.0014. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）.
31. Maire, Stephen. The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties by Timothy Brook. Asian Review of Books. Cheshta Infotech Pvt Ltd. 2012-02-11 [2012-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-14）.
32. Dirlik, Arif. The Asiatic Mode of Production in China by Timothy Brook. The Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies). August 1990, 49 (3): 625–627 [2010-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
33. Ocko, Jonathan K. National Polity and Local Power: The Transformation of Late Imperial China by Min Tu-Ki; Philip A. Kuhn; Timothy Brook. The American Historical Review (American Historical Association). October 1991, 96 (4): 1259 [2010-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）.
34. Chan, Steve. Culture and Economy: The Shaping of Capitalism in Eastern Asia by Timothy Brook; Hy V. Luong. International Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies). August 1998, 57 (03): 796–798 [2010-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
35. Yang, Guobin. Civil Society in China: A Dynamic Field of Study. China Review International (University of Hawaii Press). Spring 2002, 9 (1): 1–16 [2010-01-27]. doi:10.1353/cri.2003.0057. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
36. Lai, Chi-Kong. China and Historical Capitalism: Genealogies of Sinological Knowledge by Timothy Brook; Gregory Blue. The China Journal (Contemporary China Center, Australian National University). January 2003, (49): 222–224 [2010-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）. Volume or issue is simply shown as "No. 49."
37. Minear, Richard H. Documents on the Rape of Nanking by Timothy Brook. Pacific Affairs (University of British Columbia). Winter 2000–2001, 73 (4): 600–601 [2010-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-10）. Special Issue: Korea in Flux (Winter, 2000-2001).
38. MacKerras, Colin. Nation Work: Asian Elites and National Identities by Timothy Brook; Andre Schmid. Pacific Affairs (University of British Columbia). Autumn 2002, 75 (3): 436–437 [2010-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-16）.
39. Jennings, John M. Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952 (review). Journal of World History (University of Hawaii Press). June 2004, 15 (2): 269–271 [2010-01-26]. doi:10.1353/jwh.2004.0022. （原始内容存档于2012-08-05）. E-ISSN: 1527-8050 Print ISSN: 1045-6007.
40. Hoffmann, Jackie. UBC Professor Wins Prestigious History Prize. Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia. 2009-05-29 [2010-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-06）.