鸵鸟属

鸵鸟属; 化石时期：中新世 - 全新世, 23–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	雄鸵鸟（左）与雌鸵鸟（右）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	鸵鸟目 Struthioniformes
科：	鸵鸟科 Struthionidae
属：	鸵鸟属 Struthio; Linnaeus, 1758
模式种
	Struthio camelus; Linnaeus, 1758
种
	见内文
异名
	Palaeostruthio Burchak-Abramovich 1953; Struthiolithus Brandt 1873; Megaloscelornis Lydekker 1879; Autruchon Temminick 1840 fide Gray 1841 (裸名)

鸵鸟属（学名：Struthio），是鸵鸟目下的一个属，包含2种现存物种－鸵鸟及索马里鸵鸟。

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历史

鸵鸟属最早由卡尔·林奈于1758年发表，并包含了数种不会飞的鸟，包括鸸鹋、鶆䴈及鹤鸵，但这些物种现在已不属于鸵鸟属^[1]。2014年，索马里鸵鸟被认为是独立种而非鸵鸟的亚种，但仍然需要更多研究证据加以支持^[2]^[3]。

演化

最早形似于鸵鸟的鸟类化石出土于古新世时期的欧洲^[4]。其他可能为鸵鸟祖先的物种包括始新世中期的古鸨属与雷米鸟属（英语：Remiornis）以及来自始新世至渐新世欧洲与非洲的未命名平胸鸟类化石遗骸，但也有可能属于古颚类鸟类的其他演化支^[4]^[5]。

鸵鸟属的化石最早发现于中新世早期（20–25 百万年前）的非洲，被认为是鸵鸟的发源地。于中新世中期至晚期（5–13 百万年前）时鸵鸟逐渐迁移至欧亚大陆^[6]，约于一千两百万年前时，鸵鸟属物种的体型已经与现存物种相差无几，并且分布区域包括现在的蒙古国与南部非洲^[7]。于亚洲发现的鸵鸟属物种化石多半十分破碎，因此难以去建立与厘清与非洲鸵鸟演化支之间的关系。在中国，该地区的鸵鸟属物种约于末次冰期结束时绝种，在当地考古发现的陶器与岩刻上都能发现有鸵鸟的图像^[8]^[9]^[10]。

鸵鸟曾经与另一支不会飞的二趾鸟类，始鹤科（英语：Eogruidae），共同存活。1985年，欧森认为始鹤科为鸵鸟的基群，然而现今普遍认为始鹤科其实为鹤的近亲，与鸵鸟外型相似仅是因为趋同演化的关系。与鸵鸟之间生态位的竞争可能是始鹤科灭绝的主因^[11]^[12]，然而这项理论仍然无法证实，且在某些地区可以发现同时有鸵鸟与始鹤科物种栖息^[13]。

物种

目前已知鸵鸟属包含9种，其中7种已经灭绝，2019年，原本属于鸵鸟属的S. pannonicus、S. dmanisensis、S. transcaucasicus被重新分类至厚鸵属^[14]。鸵鸟属的部分物种属于遗迹分类群（英语：Ichnotaxon），这代表该物种的命名来自其痕迹化石而非物种本身的遗骸，而痕迹化石与遗骸化石之间的关系是有争议的，仍需要更多新的证据才能加以厘清^[15]。

†Struthio coppensi（英语：Struthio coppensi）：中新世早期的纳米比亚
†Struthio orlovi（英语：Struthio orlovi）：中新世晚期的摩尔多瓦
†Struthio karingarabensis：中新世晚期至上新世早期的非洲西南部与中东部，仅发现蛋化石。
†Struthio kakesiensis（英语：Struthio kakesiensis）：上新世早期的坦尚尼亚，仅发现蛋化石。
†维氏鸵鸟（Struthio wimani）：上新世早期的中国与蒙古
†Struthio daberasensis：上新世早期至中期的纳米比亚，仅发现蛋化石。
†Struthio brachydactylus：上新世的乌克兰
†Struthio chersonensis：上新世的欧洲东南部及亚洲中西部，仅发现蛋化石。
†亚洲鸵鸟（英语：Struthio asiaticus）（Struthio asiaticus）：上新世早期至更新世晚期的中亚至中国，以及摩洛哥
†Struthio oldawayi：更新世早期的坦尚尼亚，可能为鸵鸟的亚种
†安氏鸵鸟（Struthio anderssoni）：发现于中国北部与蒙古^[9]^[16]，仅发现蛋化石。
非洲鸵鸟（Struthio camelus）
索马里鸵鸟（Struthio molybdophanes）^[17]

参见

速度最快的动物列表

参考文献

[1]
Gray, G.R. (1855)
[2]
Gil, F. & Donsker D. (2012)
[3]
Birdlife International (2012)
[4]
Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. Stratigraphic distribution of large flightless birds in the Palaeogene of Europe and its palaeobiological and palaeogeographical implications. Earth-Science Reviews. 2014, 138: 394–408. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.07.001.
[5]
Agnolin et al, Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications. Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology · July 2016 DOI: 10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898
[6]
Hou, L. et al. (2005)
[7]
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003)
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Doar, B.G. (2007) "Genitalia, Totems and Painted Pottery: New Ceramic Discoveries in Gansu and Surrounding Areas" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. China Heritage Quarterly
[9]
Janz, Lisa; et al. Dating North Asian surface assemblages with ostrich eggshell: Implications for palaeoecology and extirpation. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2009, 36 (9): 1982–1989. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.012.
[10]
Andersson, J. G. Essays on the cenozoic of northern China. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of China (Peking), Series A. 1923, 3: 1–152 (53–77).
[11]
Kurochkin, E.N. A survey of the Paleogene birds of Asia. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 1976, 27: 75–86 [2020-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-26）.
[12]
Kurochkin, E.N. New representatives and evolution of two archaic gruiform families in Eurasia. Transactions of the Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition. 1981, 15: 59–85.
[13]
Zelenkov, Nikita; Boev, Zlatozar; Lazaridis, Georgios. A large ergilornithine (Aves, Gruiformes) from the Late Miocene of the Balkan Peninsula. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 2015, 90: 145–151. doi:10.1007/s12542-015-0279-z.
[14]
Zelenkov, N. V.; Lavrov, A. V.; Startsev, D. B.; Vislobokova, I. A.; Lopatin, A. V. A giant early Pleistocene bird from eastern Europe: unexpected component of terrestrial faunas at the time of early Homo arrival. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2019: e1605521. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1605521.
[15]
Bibi, Faysal; Shabel, Alan B.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Stidham, Thomas A. New Fossil Ratite (Aves: Palaeognathae) Eggshell Discoveries from the Late Miocene Baynunah Foramation of the United Arab Emirates, Arabian Peninsula (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 2006, 9 (1): 2A [2020-04-30]. ISSN 1094-8074. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-27）.
[16]
J. G. Andersson, Essays on the cenozoic of northern China. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of China (Peking), Series A, No. 3 (1923), pp. 1–152, especially pp. 53–77: "On the occurrence of fossil remains of Struthionidae in China."; and J. G. Andersson, Research into the prehistory of the Chinese. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 15 (1943), 1–300, plus 200 plates.
[17]
向达校注《西洋番国志》附录二·五《长乐山南山寺天妃之神灵应记》，53页中华书局

[Gray-1] [1]
Gray, G.R. (1855)

[2] [2]
Gil, F. & Donsker D. (2012)

[BLI-3] [3]
Birdlife International (2012)

[Buffetaut,_E._2014-4] [4]
Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. Stratigraphic distribution of large flightless birds in the Palaeogene of Europe and its palaeobiological and palaeogeographical implications. Earth-Science Reviews. 2014, 138: 394–408. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.07.001.

[Agnolin_2016-5] [5]
Agnolin et al, Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications. Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology · July 2016 DOI: 10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898

[6] [6]
Hou, L. et al. (2005)

[7] [7]
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003)

[8] [8]
Doar, B.G. (2007) "Genitalia, Totems and Painted Pottery: New Ceramic Discoveries in Gansu and Surrounding Areas" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. China Heritage Quarterly

[janz-9] [9]
Janz, Lisa; et al. Dating North Asian surface assemblages with ostrich eggshell: Implications for palaeoecology and extirpation. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2009, 36 (9): 1982–1989. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.012.

[10] [10]
Andersson, J. G. Essays on the cenozoic of northern China. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of China (Peking), Series A. 1923, 3: 1–152 (53–77).

[11] [11]
Kurochkin, E.N. A survey of the Paleogene birds of Asia. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 1976, 27: 75–86 [2020-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-26）.

[12] [12]
Kurochkin, E.N. New representatives and evolution of two archaic gruiform families in Eurasia. Transactions of the Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition. 1981, 15: 59–85.

[13] [13]
Zelenkov, Nikita; Boev, Zlatozar; Lazaridis, Georgios. A large ergilornithine (Aves, Gruiformes) from the Late Miocene of the Balkan Peninsula. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 2015, 90: 145–151. doi:10.1007/s12542-015-0279-z.

[Zelenkov2019-14] [14]
Zelenkov, N. V.; Lavrov, A. V.; Startsev, D. B.; Vislobokova, I. A.; Lopatin, A. V. A giant early Pleistocene bird from eastern Europe: unexpected component of terrestrial faunas at the time of early Homo arrival. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2019: e1605521. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1605521.

[Bibi-15] [15]
Bibi, Faysal; Shabel, Alan B.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Stidham, Thomas A. New Fossil Ratite (Aves: Palaeognathae) Eggshell Discoveries from the Late Miocene Baynunah Foramation of the United Arab Emirates, Arabian Peninsula (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 2006, 9 (1): 2A [2020-04-30]. ISSN 1094-8074. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-27）.

[16] [16]
J. G. Andersson, Essays on the cenozoic of northern China. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of China (Peking), Series A, No. 3 (1923), pp. 1–152, especially pp. 53–77: "On the occurrence of fossil remains of Struthionidae in China."; and J. G. Andersson, Research into the prehistory of the Chinese. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 15 (1943), 1–300, plus 200 plates.

[17] [17]
向达校注《西洋番国志》附录二·五《长乐山南山寺天妃之神灵应记》，53页中华书局

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