1982年伊利诺伊理工大学(the Illinois Institute of Technology)的R.R.Agarwal和J.R.Selman发现锂离子具有嵌入石墨的特性,此过程是快速的,并且可逆。与此同时,采用金属锂制成的锂电池,其安全隐患备受关注,因此人们尝试利用锂离子嵌入石墨的特性制作充电电池。首个可用的锂离子石墨电极由贝尔实验室试制成功。
K. Mizushima, P.C. Jones, P.J. Wiseman, J.B. Goodenough, LixCoO2 (0<x<-1): A new cathode material for batteries of high energy density, Materials Research Bulletin, 15 (6), Jun 1980, 783-789.
Choi, Hyun Chul; Jung, Young Mee; Noda, Isao; Kim, Seung Bin. A Study of the Mechanism of the Electrochemical Reaction of Lithium with CoO by Two-Dimensional Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (2D XAS), 2D Raman, and 2D Heterospectral XAS−Raman Correlation Analysis. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 2003, 107 (24): 5806–5811. ISSN 1520-6106. doi:10.1021/jp030438w.
Martinez-Laserna, E.; Gandiaga, I.; Sarasketa-Zabala, E.; Badeda, J.; Stroe, D.-I.; Swierczynski, M.; Goikoetxea, A. Battery second life: Hype, hope or reality? A critical review of the state of the art. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. October 2018, 93: 701–718. S2CID 115675123. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.035.
Ahmadi, Leila; Yip, Arthur; Fowler, Michael; Young, Steven B.; Fraser, Roydon A. Environmental feasibility of re-use of electric vehicle batteries. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. June 2014, 6: 64–74. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2014.01.006.
Podias, Andreas; Pfrang, Andreas; Di Persio, Franco; Kriston, Akos; Bobba, Silvia; Mathieux, Fabrice; Messagie, Maarten; Boon-Brett, Lois. Sustainability Assessment of Second Use Applications of Automotive Batteries: Ageing of Li-Ion Battery Cells in Automotive and Grid-Scale Applications. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 18 July 2018, 9 (2): 24. doi:10.3390/wevj9020024.
Tong, Shijie; Fung, Tsz; Klein, Matthew P.; Weisbach, David A.; Park, Jae Wan. Demonstration of reusing electric vehicle battery for solar energy storage and demand side management. Journal of Energy Storage. June 2017, 11: 200–210. doi:10.1016/j.est.2017.03.003.
Kamath, Dipti; Shukla, Siddharth; Arsenault, Renata; Kim, Hyung Chul; Anctil, Annick. Evaluating the cost and carbon footprint of second-life electric vehicle batteries in residential and utility-level applications. Waste Management. July 2020, 113: 497–507. Bibcode:2020WaMan.113..497K. PMID 32513441. S2CID 219552264. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.034.
Quinard, Honorat; Redondo-Iglesias, Eduardo; Pelissier, Serge; Venet, Pascal. Fast Electrical Characterizations of High-Energy Second Life Lithium-Ion Batteries for Embedded and Stationary Applications. Batteries. 14 March 2019, 5 (1): 33. doi:10.3390/batteries5010033.
Heymans, Catherine; Walker, Sean B.; Young, Steven B.; Fowler, Michael. Economic analysis of second use electric vehicle batteries for residential energy storage and load-levelling. Energy Policy. August 2014, 71: 22–30. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.04.016.
Canals Casals, Lluc; Amante García, Beatriz. Second-Life Batteries on a Gas Turbine Power Plant to Provide Area Regulation Services. Batteries. 17 March 2017, 3 (4): 10. doi:10.3390/batteries3010010. hdl:2117/102963.
Gur, K.; Chatzikyriakou, D.; Baschet, C.; Salomon, M. The reuse of electrified vehicle batteries as a means of integrating renewable energy into the European electricity grid: A policy and market analysis. Energy Policy. 2018, 113: 535–545. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.002.
Schneider, E.L.; Oliveira, C.T.; Brito, R.M.; Malfatti, C.F. Classification of discarded NiMH and Li-Ion batteries and reuse of the cells still in operational conditions in prototypes. Journal of Power Sources. September 2014, 262: 1–9. Bibcode:2014JPS...262....1S. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.095.