退伍军人杆菌属

军团菌是一类革兰氏阴性菌，包括造成退伍军人症的嗜肺军团菌。

军团菌属
在紫外光照射下的军团菌
科学分类
域：	细菌域 Bacteria
门：	假单胞菌门 Pseudomonadota
纲：	γ-变形菌纲 Gammaproteobacteria
目：	军团菌目 Legionellales
科：	军团菌科 Legionellaceae
属：	军团菌属 Legionella Brenner et al. 1979
模式种
Legionella pneumophila Brenner et al., 1979
种
见正文
异名
Sarcobium Drozanski 1991 Tatlockia Garrity et al. 1980 Fluoribacter Garrity et al. 1980

军团菌在许多环境中都很常见，已确定的至少有50个种和70个血清型。该属菌细胞壁取代基所携带的基团标识了其体抗原。这些取代基的化学构成，包括其成分的不同以及糖原的不同排列方式，决定了其表面体抗原或是O-抗原的性质，而这正是血清学中对许多革兰氏阴性菌分类的基本手段。

军团菌的名字源于1976年7月在费城爆发的一种“神秘疾病”，该病共造成221人患病，34人死亡，患者大都为美国退伍军人，因而被冠名为退伍军人症。退伍军人症被广泛宣传而造成一定程度的恐慌。1977年1月18日，该病的病原体被确定为一种不为人知的细菌，随后被命名为军团菌。

下属物种

本属包括以下物种：

• Legionella adelaidensis Benson et al. 1991
• Legionella anisa Gorman et al. 1985
• Legionella beliardensis Lo Presti et al. 2001
• 伯明翰军团菌 Legionella birminghamensis Wilkinson et al. 1988
• Legionella bozemanae (Garrity et al. 1980) Brenner et al. 1980，也拼作：Legionella bozemanii
• Legionella brunensis Wilkinson et al. 1989
• Legionella busanensis Park et al. 2003
• Legionella cardiaca Pearce et al. 2012
• Legionella cherrii Brenner et al. 1985
• 辛辛那提军团菌 Legionella cincinnatiensis Thacker et al. 1989
• Legionella drancourtii La Scola et al. 2004
• Legionella dresdenensis Lück et al. 2010
• Legionella drozanskii Adeleke et al. 2001
• Legionella dumoffii Brenner et al. 1980
• Legionella erythra Brenner et al. 1985
• Legionella fairfieldensis Thacker et al. 1991
• Legionella fallonii Adeleke et al. 2001
• Legionella feeleii Herwaldt et al. 1984
• Legionella geestiana Dennis et al. 1993
• Legionella gormanii Morris et al. 1980
• Legionella gratiana Bornstein et al. 1991
• Legionella gresilensis Lo Presti et al. 2001
• Legionella hackeliae Brenner et al. 1985
• Legionella impletisoli Kuroki et al. 2007
• Legionella israelensis Bercovier et al. 1986
• 詹姆斯敦军团菌 Legionella jamestowniensis Brenner et al. 1985，指美国纽约詹姆斯敦
• Legionella jordanis Cherry et al. 1982
• Legionella lansingensis Thacker et al. 1994
• Legionella londiniensis Dennis et al. 1993
• Legionella longbeachae McKinney et al. 1982
• Legionella lytica (Drozanski 1991) Hookey et al. 1996
• Legionella maceachernii Brenner et al. 1985
• 马略卡岛军团菌 Legionella maioricensis Crespi et al. 2023^[1]
• Legionella massiliensis Campocasso et al. 2012
• Legionella micdadei (Garrity et al. 1980) Hébert et al. 1980
• Legionella moravica Wilkinson et al. 1989
• 长崎军团菌 Legionella nagasakiensis Yang et al. 2012
• Legionella nautarum Dennis et al. 1993
• Legionella norrlandica Rizzardi et al. 2015
• Legionella oakridgensis Orrison et al. 1983
• Legionella parisiensis Brenner et al. 1985
• 匹兹堡军团菌 Legionella pittsburghensis Pasculle et al. 1980，为Legionella micdadei (Garrity et al. 1980) Hébert et al. 1980的异名
• 退伍军人症嗜肺杆菌 Legionella pneumophila Brenner et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
• Legionella qingyii Wu et al. 2019
• Legionella quateirensis Dennis et al. 1993
• Legionella quinlivanii Benson et al. 1990
• Legionella resiliens ^[2]
• Legionella rowbothamii Adeleke et al. 2001
• Legionella rubrilucens Brenner et al. 1985
• Legionella sainthelensi Campbell et al. 1984
• Legionella santicrucis Brenner et al. 1985
• Legionella saoudiensis Bajrai et al. 2016
• Legionella septentrionalis Li et al. 2021
• Legionella shakespearei Verma et al. 1992
• Legionella spiritensis Brenner et al. 1985，种名指美国俄勒冈州圣海伦火山附近的Spirit湖
• Legionella steelei Edelstein et al. 2012
• Legionella steigerwaltii Brenner et al. 1985
• Legionella taurinensis Lo Presti et al. 1999
• Legionella thermalis Ishizaki et al. 2016
• Legionella tucsonensis Thacker et al. 1990
• Legionella tunisiensis Campocasso et al. 2012
• Legionella wadsworthii Edelstein et al. 1983
• Legionella waltersii Benson et al. 1996
• Legionella worsleiensis Dennis et al. 1993
• Legionella yabuuchiae Kuroki et al. 2007

参见

• 杀菌剂
• 环境微生物学
• 医院感染

参考资料

1. Crespi S, Drasar V, Salva-Serra F, Jaen-Luchoro D, Pineiro-Iglesias B, Lindemann PC, Aliaga-Lozano F, Fernandez-Juarez V, Coll-Garcia G, Moore ERB, et al. Legionella maioricensis sp. nov., a new species isolated from the hot water distribution systems of a hospital and a shopping center during routine sampling. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5686.
2. Cristino, S.; Pascale, M.R.; Marino, F.; Derelitto, C.; Salaris, S.; Orsini, M.; Squarzoni, S.; Grottola, A.; Girolamini, L. Characterization of a Novel Species of Legionella Isolated from a Healthcare Facility: Legionella resiliens sp. nov. Pathogens 2024, 13, 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030250

外部链接

• CDC Division of bacterial and Mycotic Diseases: Legionellosis
• Directors of Health Promotion and Education page on Legionellosis
• European Working Group for Legionella Infections
• Legionnaires' disease outbreaks
• 世界卫生组织 军团病 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

维护指引

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - Procedure for Cleaning Cooling Towers and Related Equipment |(pages 239 and 240 of 249)
• Cooling Technology Institute - Best Practices for Control of Legionella
• California Energy Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - Cooling Water Management Program Guidelines For Wet and Hybrid Cooling Towers at Power Plants
• ASHRAE Guideline （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Guidelines for Control of Legionella in Ornamental Fountains