超级强国

超级强国（英语：Hyperpower），或超级强权是一个各个领域（即军事、文化、经济等）都拥有支配地方的国家，它没有可以与其能力相匹敌的对手，被认为比超级大国高出一个层次。^[1]尽管在冷战及苏联于1991年解体后，美利坚合众国已展现出超级强国的特征，但其全球影响力相对于其他潜在超级大国已开始下降。^[2]^[3]更具体地说，美国作为当今世上最强大的国家，纵然拥有举世无双、空前绝后的国力，然而其已经不再在世界每个地区的每个领域（即军事、文化、经济、技术、外交）占据绝对主导地位。^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

自冷战结束后，美国政治评论员认为需要一个新的名词来形容美国身为唯一超级大国的地位。^[9]超级强国一词首次使用是于1991年，由英国评论家佩里格林·沃索恩（英语：Peregrine Worsthorne）提出。^[10]^[11]而法国外交部长于贝尔·韦德里纳则于1998年将超级强国一词普及，因为从法国的立场来看，美国看起来像一个超级强国，尽管以这种方式对美国进行分类的有效性存在争议。^[12]该术语也被广泛用于形容过去历史上主导世界的强权，美国教授蔡美儿在她的《帝国之日》一书中指出，罗马帝国、波斯帝国、蒙古帝国、中国大统一王朝(如汉、唐)、孔雀帝国、大英帝国均为历代超级强国。^[13]

引用

[1]
Definition of 'hyperpower'. Collins Dictionary. Collins. [February 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）.
[2]
Richard, Wike. From Hyperpower to Declining Power. Pew Research Center. 2011-09-07 [2021-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-18）（美国英语）.
[3]
To Paris, U.S. Looks Like a 'Hyperpower'. International Herald Tribune. February 5, 1999 [February 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-29）.
[4]
Patrick Cockburn: The US has faced decline before – but nothing like what's to come. The Independent. 2020-03-27 [2020-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）（英语）.
[5]
Asia Power Index| US. power.lowyinstitute.org. [2020-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-15）（英语）. The United States remains the most powerful country in the region but registered the largest fall in relative power of any Indo–Pacific country in 2020. A ten-point overall lead over China two years ago has been narrowed by half in 2020.
[6]
Hiro, Dilip. Think the US Is the Foremost Global Superpower? Think Again. 2016-10-11 [2020-10-22]. ISSN 0027-8378. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27）（美国英语）. |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
[7]
America's innovation edge now in peril, says Baker Institute, American Academy of Arts and Sciences report. news.rice.edu. [2020-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）.
[8]
China will overtake US in tech race. OMFIF. 2019-10-22 [2020-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-18）（英国英语）.
[9]
Kim Richard Nossal. Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower?. McMaster University. 2 July 1999 [4 November 2010]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-26）.
[10]
Reiter, Erich; Hazdra, Peter. The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments. Springer Science+Business Media. March 9, 2013: 5. ISBN 9-783-6621-3172-5. Now though, some people, in whose opinion the term "superpower" does not denote the actual dominance of the USA incisively enough, use the term "hyperpower".
[11]
Nossal, Kim Richard. Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower?. Saldanha, Western Cape: South African Political Studies Association. June 29, 1999 [November 4, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-26）.
[12]
Definition and Use of the Word Hyperpower. [2012-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-12）.
[13]
Amy Chua, Days of Empire, http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Day-of-Empire/Amy-Chua/e/9780385512848 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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来源

To Paris, U.S. Looks Like a 'Hyperpower'. The International Herald Tribune. February 5, 1999 [August 20, 2006]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-26）.
Last, Jonathan. Rule America?. The Weekly Standard (News America Incorporated). October 21, 2005 [2006-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-11）.
Védrine, Hubert. France in an Age of Globalization, Brookings Institution Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8157-0007-5
Word Spy - hyper-power. [2006-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-12）.
Li, Bo; Zheng Yin (Chinese) (2001). 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7.

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[1] [1]
Definition of 'hyperpower'. Collins Dictionary. Collins. [February 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）.

[2] [2]
Richard, Wike. From Hyperpower to Declining Power. Pew Research Center. 2011-09-07 [2021-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-18）（美国英语）.

[To_Paris-3] [3]
To Paris, U.S. Looks Like a 'Hyperpower'. International Herald Tribune. February 5, 1999 [February 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-29）.

[4] [4]
Patrick Cockburn: The US has faced decline before – but nothing like what's to come. The Independent. 2020-03-27 [2020-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）（英语）.

[5] [5]
Asia Power Index| US. power.lowyinstitute.org. [2020-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-15）（英语）. The United States remains the most powerful country in the region but registered the largest fall in relative power of any Indo–Pacific country in 2020. A ten-point overall lead over China two years ago has been narrowed by half in 2020.

[6] [6]
Hiro, Dilip. Think the US Is the Foremost Global Superpower? Think Again. 2016-10-11 [2020-10-22]. ISSN 0027-8378. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27）（美国英语）. |journal=被忽略 (帮助)

[7] [7]
America's innovation edge now in peril, says Baker Institute, American Academy of Arts and Sciences report. news.rice.edu. [2020-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）.

[8] [8]
China will overtake US in tech race. OMFIF. 2019-10-22 [2020-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-18）（英国英语）.

[9] [9]
Kim Richard Nossal. Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower?. McMaster University. 2 July 1999 [4 November 2010]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-26）.

[10] [10]
Reiter, Erich; Hazdra, Peter. The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments. Springer Science+Business Media. March 9, 2013: 5. ISBN 9-783-6621-3172-5. Now though, some people, in whose opinion the term "superpower" does not denote the actual dominance of the USA incisively enough, use the term "hyperpower".

[11] [11]
Nossal, Kim Richard. Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower?. Saldanha, Western Cape: South African Political Studies Association. June 29, 1999 [November 4, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-26）.

[12] [12]
Definition and Use of the Word Hyperpower. [2012-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-12）.

[13] [13]
Amy Chua, Days of Empire, http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Day-of-Empire/Amy-Chua/e/9780385512848 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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超级强国

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超级强国

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