言官是明清两代对监察御史和给事中的通称。以其均有建言之责,故称。[1]
监官和谏官,古代并称台谏,通称言官。监官是代表君主监察各级官吏的官吏(耳目)。谏官是对君主的过失直言规劝并使其改正的官吏,甚至一些时期可以参议军国大事,拾遗补阙,接近于皇帝的高级谋士或智囊团。
言官在中国各朝代的称谓有别,秦朝设“谏大夫”,属中郎令;两汉时改称“谏议大夫”,属光禄勋;隋朝时仍称为“谏议大夫”,属门下省;唐朝称谓顺延隋朝,又增设“左拾遗”和“右拾遗”;宋朝时专门设立谏院,首长称“左谏议大夫”和“右谏议大夫”。[2]
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