烟管蜗牛科(学名:Clausiliidae),亦作烟管螺科[2]或密封蜗科,是烟管蜗牛总科之下的一种小型和非常长的科级分类。本科物种主要都是左旋物种的陆生蜗牛、会呼吸空气的有肺类腹足纲直神经亚纲柄眼目软体动物[3]:105。
本科旧属柄眼目中尿道亚目(Mesurethra)[4]及泛有肺类真有肺类柄眼类非正式群组弯尿道类。
截至2008年10月[update],本科连同现生种及化石种合共有1300个物种,是陆生蜗牛当中其生物多样性最高的分类单元(参照Orthalicidae,在整个腹足纲来说也只是仅次于海生的小塔螺科)。
本科物种在台湾的名称叫作“烟管蜗牛科”,这是得名于其壳口的独特“烟管”解剖结构,叫作“腔襞”[5]:116,让它们可以将它们的壳口变得可以像一扇趟门那样把壳口关闭起来。
型态描述
几乎所有本科的贝壳都是左旋的[3]:105,这在腹足纲物种的螺壳来说并不常见。壳的表面有肋样构造[3]:105。壳长约10到15 mm[3]:105。
These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired, with numerous whorls.
The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.
烟管蜗牛科物种在肺螺类腹足纲软体动物来说相当特殊,因为它们大多数的壳口都有称为“腔襞”的类似“烟管”构造,就像一扇趟门一样。这种“烟管”与口盖并不一样,因为在肺螺类物种都已有外套膜肺,并没有“口盖”这种构造。
腔襞是一种石灰质构造,舌形或调匙形,可将其壳口完全关闭,以防止肉食性的甲虫幼虫入侵其柔软的身体。腔襞有不同的形态,如“月形”[5]:116或“弓形”[6]腔襞、“倒C形腔襞”[5]:124、“工形腔襞”[5]:118、“平行腔襞”[5]:128等,还可以分为多个部分,如:上腔襞、下腔襞、月形襞及主襞等[5]:116。腔襞有“闭板”及“腔襞板”(clausilium slides)将其封闭:“闭板”是附生于壳轴的板状构造,而腔襞板则是壳内壁的板状突起[5]:116,由壳壁折叠而形成。
生物学
分类学
本科的模式属是烟管蜗牛属(Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805)。
根据2005年《布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类》,本科是弯尿道类非正式群组的成员[8],而这个群组在2010年的修订被归类为泛有肺类真有肺类演化支的成员[9]。在2017年《布歇特等人的腹足类分类》,曲尿道类支序和泛有肺类都不再使用[10]。
根据2005年《布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类》,本科包括下列各亚科:
- 烟管蜗牛亚科 Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
- tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 - synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
- tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- subfamily Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913
- tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
- tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) - synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
- tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 - synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
- tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
- tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972
- subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913 - synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999
- subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981[11]
- 斜管螺亚科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
- 斜管螺族 Garnieriini C.R. Boettger, 1926
- 伞管螺族 Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002
- subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978
- subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
- subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
- tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
- tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
- tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
- tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
- tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994
- subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 - Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930
- subfamily Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922
- tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
- tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 - synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954
- subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927
根据2017年《布歇特等人的腹足类分类》,烟管蜗牛科是柄眼目旋蜗牛亚目烟管蜗牛下目之下的烟管蜗牛总科的成员。本科之下的亚科从过往的11个亚科缩减至8个亚科21个族,分别如下:
- Subfamily Alopiinae A.J. Wagner, 1913
- Tribe Alopiini A.J. Wagner, 1913
- Tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923)
- Tribe Delimini R. Brandt, 1956
- Tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
- Subfamily Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
- 斜管螺亚科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
- Subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
- Subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
- Subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923
- Subfamily Peruiniinae H. Nordsieck, 2005
- 管螺亚科 Phaedusinae A.J. Wagner, 1922
- 管螺族 Phaedusini A.J. Wagner, 1922
- Tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927
- Tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007
属
以下详列本科之下各个亚科所属的分类单元:
烟管蜗牛亚科(Clausiliinae Gray, 1855)包括以下两族:
- 烟管蜗牛族(Clausiliini)
- 烟管蜗牛属 Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805,烟管螺属 - with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977[14]
- Erjavecia Brusina, 1870[14]
- Fusulus Fitzinger, 1833 - with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus[14]
- Julica H. Nordsieck, 1963[14]
- Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 - with three subgenera: Macrogastra, Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867[14]
- Micridyla H. Nordsieck, 1973[14]
- Neostyriaca A. J. Wagner, 1920[14]
- Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 - has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians[14]
- Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924[14]
- 族 Gracillariini
- Graciliaria Bielz, 1867[15]
- Alopiinae [16]
- 族 Alopiini
- Alopia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Alopia and Kimakowiczia Szekeres, 1969
- Herilla H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Triloba Vest, 1867
- 族 Cochlodinini
- Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 - with four subgenera: Cochlodina; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969
- Macedonica O. Boettger, 1877
- 族 Delimini
- Barcania Brandt, 1956
- Charpentieria Stabille, 1864 - with four subgenera: Charpentieria; Gibbularia Monterosato, 1908; Mauritanica O. Boettger, 1877; Siciliaria Vest, 1867 and Stigmatica O. Boettger, 1877
- Delima Hartmann, 1842 - with four subgenera: Delima; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877 and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877
- Dilataria Vest, 1867
- Papillifera Hartmann, 1842
- 族 Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
- Agathylla H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969
- Albinaria Vest, 1867 - also include former genera Carinigera Moellendorff, 1873; Cristataria Vest, 1867; Isabellaria Vest, 1867; Sericata O. Boettger, 1878.
- Inchoatia Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006[17]
- Lampedusa - with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa
- Leucostigma A. J. Wagner, 1919
- Medora H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Muticaria Lindholm, 1925
- Strigilodelima A. J. Wagner, 1924
tribe Montenegrinini
- Montenegrina O. Boettger, 1877
- Protoherilla A. J. Wagner, 1921
- Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877
- Balea J. E. Gray, 1824
- Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera Bulgarica, Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923
- Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842
- Likharevia H. Nordsieck, 1975
- Menissa H. & A.Adams, 1855
- Mentissella H. Nordsieck, 1973
- Micropontica O. Boettger, 1881 - with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica
- Mucronaria O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria
- Quadriplicata O. Boettger, 1878
- Vestia Hesse, 1916 - with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877
Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:
- † Constricta (snail) Constricta
- [[O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[8]]]
斜管螺亚科(Garnieriinae)包括下列各属:
- 饰管螺属 Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877
- 斜管螺属 Grandinenia H. Minato & C. Chen, 1984[18]
- Indonenia Ehrmann, 1927
- Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Neniauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2002
- 伞管螺属 Tropidauchenia small
- [[Lindholm, 1924
- Tropidauchenia subsp. Euryauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Tropidauchenia subsp. Tropidauchenia]]
Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:
tribe † Eualopiini
- † Eualopia O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[8]
tribe † Rillyini
- † Rillya Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 - type genus of the tribe[8]
- Acrotoma O. Boettger, 1881 - 有4个亚属:Acrotoma, Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002
- Akramowskia H. Nordsieck, 1975
- Armenica O. Boettger, 1877 - 有2个亚属: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970
- Bitorquata O. Boettger, 1877
- Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 - 有2个亚属:Boettgeriaand Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998
- Elia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - 有4个亚属:Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877
- Euxina O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924
- Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 - with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875
- Euxinella H. Nordsieck, 1973
- Filosa O. Boettger, 1877
- Galeata O. Boettger, 1877
- Idyla H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994
- Kazancia Neubert, 1992 - 有2个亚属:Kazancia and Lasica Neubert, 1995
- Macroptychia O. Boettger, 1877
- Mentissoidea O. Boettger, 1877
- Olympicola Hesse, 1916
- Phrygica H. Nordsieck, 1994
- Roseniella Thiele, 1931 - with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella
- Sabaeola Lindholm, 1925
- Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883
- Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck, 1975
- Strumosa O. Boettger, 1877
- Sumelia H. Nordsieck, 1994
大口管螺亚科(Neniinae Ehrmann, 1927)主要分布于南美洲,但亦有少数分布于中国南部、南亚及东南亚,包括以下各属[19]:
- Andinia Polinski, 1922
- Andiniella Weyrauch, 1958
- Audiniastra H. Nordsieck, 2005
- Bequaertinenia Weyrauch, 1964 - 有2个亚属:Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004
- Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005
- Columbinia Polinski, 1924 - 有3个亚属:Columbinia; Paranenia Rehder, 1939 and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926
- Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck, 1999
- Cylindronenia Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Ehrmanniella Zilch, 1949
- Gonionenia Pilsbry, 1926
- Gracilinenia Polinski, 1922
- Hemicena Pilsbry, 1949
- Incaglaia Pilsbry, 1949 - 有2个亚属:Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia
- Incania Polinski, 1922
- Leuconenia H. Nordsieck, 2005
- 大口管螺属 Nenia H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Neniaptyx H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Neniatracta Pilsbry, 1926
- Neniella Grego & Sekeres, 2004
- Neniops Pilsbry, 1926
- Nenisca Rehder, 1939
- Parabalea Ancey, 1882
- Peruinia Polinski, 1922
- Pfeifferiella Weyrauch, 1957
- Pseudogracilinenia Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984
- Steeriana Jousseaume, 1900
- Symptychiella H. Nordsieck, 1999 - with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella
- Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Zilchiella Weyrauch, 1957
管螺亚科(Phaedusinae Thiele, 1931)包括以下各属[20]:
管螺族 Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
- Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
- 纺锤管螺属 Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927
- 棒管螺属 Bacillophaedusa Grego & Szekeres, 2011
- 深褶螺属 Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925
- Castanophaedusa Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
- 高管螺属 Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- 张管螺属 Changphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
- Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- 道管螺属 Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924
- 真管螺属 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- 丽管螺属 Formosana O. Boettger, 1877
- 小丽管螺属 Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003
- 福管螺属 Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
- 拟管螺属 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- Juttingia Loosjes, 1965
- Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
- Macrophaedusa Möllendorff, 1883
- Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- Messageriella Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
- 凑管螺属 Minatoia Hunyadi & Szekeres, 2016
- Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
- Musaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2018
- 小管螺属 Nannophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2012
- Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927
- 卵旋螺属 Oospira W. T. Blanford, 1872
- 乳突管螺属 Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
- Paraphaedusa O. Boettger, 1899
- 管螺属 Phaedusa H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 - 有4个亚属:后管螺亚属(Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001); Phaedusa; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984 和 Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- 鼻管螺属 Probosciphaedusa Z.-Y. Chen, 2021
- 复管螺属 Reinia Kobelt, 1876
- 月管螺属 Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- 锯管螺属 Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- 华管螺属 Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
- Solitariphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
- Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- 扭管螺属 Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
- Taiwanphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
- Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
- Tosaphaedusa Ehrmann, 1929
- Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
tribe Megalophaedusini
- Leptacme Ehrmann, 1927[21]
- Oospira Blanford, 1872[21] - 有5个亚属:Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927; Formosana O. Boettger, 1877; Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1901 - 有2个亚属:Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 和褶管螺属( Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900)
- 未定族 ?
- 棘管螺属 Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925,有3个亚属:深褶螺亚属(Bathyptychia); 短褶螺亚属(Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001)和缩唇管螺亚属(Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001)
- Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877,有3个亚属:Cylindrophaedusa 和山管螺亚属(Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002)
- Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924,有2个亚属:Dautzenbergiella 和 曼管螺亚属(Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003)
- Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905
- 真管螺属 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877[22]: - with five subgenera: 齿管螺亚属(Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003); Euphaedusa; Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; 陶管螺亚属(Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003)和标管螺亚属(Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003):又名小烟管蜗牛属。
- Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
- 拟管螺属 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877:有10个亚属: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa; 似拟管螺亚属(Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001); 拟褶管螺亚属(Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905); 迷管螺属Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; 珠管螺精致属(Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001); Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994 和 Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Heterozaptyx Pilsbry, 1906
- Juttingia Loosjes, 1965,有2个亚属:Juttingia 和 Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
- Lindholmiella Ehrmann, 1927
- 油亮管螺属 Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
- Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901,有2个亚属:Luchuphaedusa 和 Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905
- 长管螺属 Macrophaedusa Moellendorff, 1883
- 小长管螺属 Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877,有4个亚属:Megalophaedusa; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 和 Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa]]是Megalophaedusa的异名)。[23]
- Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
- 奇管螺属 Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
- Oligozaptx Pilsbry, 1905
- Paraphedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- Parazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
- Pliciphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1998
- Pulchraptyx Minato, 1981
- Reinia Kobelt, 1876,有3个亚属:Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 和 Reinia
- Renschiphaedusa Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973
- Selenoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
- 锯管螺属 Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
- Stereozaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
- Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
- 瘤管螺属 Synprosphyma Germain, 1919,有2个亚属:弃旋螺亚属(Excussispira Lindholm, 1925)和 Synprosphyma
- Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
- Tyrannophaedusa Pilsbry, 1901,有2个亚属: Aulacophaedusa Azuma, 1982 和 Tyrannophaedusa
- Tyrannozaptyx Käufel, 1930
- Zaptychopsis Ehrmann, 1927
- Caspiophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Dobatia H. Nordsieck, 1973
- Graecophaedusa Rähle, 1982
- Laeviphaedusa Likharev & Stelkov, 1965
- Microphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1978
- Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres, 1995
- Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres, 1995
- Pravispira Lindholm, 1924
- Pontophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Pontophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 1994
- Sciocochlea C. Boettger, 1935
- Serrulina Mousson, 1873
- Serrulinella H. Nordsieck, 1984
- Truncatophaedusa Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994
- Tsoukatosia Gittenberger, 2000,有两个亚属: Agiosspeleikos A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 和 Tsoukatosia
- Cotyorica Grego & Szekeres, 2017
- Cotyorica nemethi Grego & Szekeres, 2017[24]
保育
尽管非海洋软体动物当中本科物种看似易危[25],但在《国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》只有9个本科的物种被列入名录内[26]。
参考文献
延伸阅读
外部链接
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