掷硬币

掷硬币、掷铜板是一种把硬币弹到空中，透过它落下来后所显示的结果（落下来后是正面向上还是反面向上），来解决事情的一种方法。

硬币有两面，是一个天然的二进制系统，利用掷硬币人们可以得到一组随机的二进制数字，有些人会把它作为做判断的参考，例如球赛由哪一方先发球，或先选哪半边场作赛。

外部链接

• Heads or Tails? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (A discussion of the predictability of a coin toss; with references)
• The Not So Random Coin Toss （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Brief blurb about Persi Diaconis' work, with a photograph of the coin-tossing machine)
• Dynamical Bias in the Coin Toss （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (by Persi Diaconis, Susan Holmes, and Richard Montgomery; very detailed)
• Whether divination by drawing lots is unlawful? (From the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas)
• The Casting of Lots (Discussion of making decisions by chance outcomes throughout history)
• Coin Tossing — mathworld.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Contains information about counterintuitive properties of coin tossing)
• Persi Diaconis' website — including the paper Dynamical Bias in the Coin Toss PDF
• Random.org: flip a virtual coin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Flip-Coin.com: Simple web app to flip a virtual coin
• Leads in Coin Tossing （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Fiona Maclachlan, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.