尼古丁依赖

尼古丁依赖^[1]（烟瘾）是一种慢性、复发性疾病。患有此类疾病的患者会非常渴望服用尼古丁，并对尼古丁有害健康的问题视而不见^[2]。尼古丁是一种拟交感神经兴奋剂^[3]，能附着在大脑中的尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体上^[4]。由于长期使用尼古丁，大脑犒赏系统内的神经可塑性发生变化，因而产生尼古丁依赖^[1][5][6]世界上大约有9.76亿烟民^[7]。随着时间的推移，尼古丁依赖的严重程度会随着一个人持续服用尼古丁而日益加深^[8]。

尼古丁依赖是一个严峻的公共卫生问题，因为烟草中含有大量尼古丁，而烟民数量庞大。截至2021年，世界上大约有9.76亿烟民。此外焦虑症患者也越来越依赖尼古丁。^[9]因此尼古丁依赖是造成人类死亡的主要原因之一^[10]。

参考文献

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5. Saccone, NL; Culverhouse, RC; Schwantes-An, TH; Cannon, DS; Chen, X; Cichon, S; Giegling, I; Han, S; Han, Y. Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD.. PLOS Genetics. 5 August 2010, 6 (8): e1001053. PMC 2916847 . PMID 20700436. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001053.
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7. Ng, M; Freeman, MK; Fleming, TD; Robinson, M; Dwyer-Lindgren, L; Thomson, B; Wollum, A; Sanman, E; Wulf, S. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012.. JAMA. 8 January 2014, 311 (2): 183–92. PMID 24399557. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692.
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10. Rachid, Fady. Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review. The American Journal on Addictions. 2016, 25 (6): 436–451. ISSN 1055-0496. PMID 27442267. doi:10.1111/ajad.12405.