反情报计划

反情报计划（英语：COunter INTELligence PROgram，简称：COINTELPRO）是1956年至1971年间美国联邦调查局一系列违宪的秘密政治迫害计划^[1]^[2]，其目的是监视、渗透、中伤及扰乱国内的政治团体^[3]^[4]。联邦调查局记录显示反情报计划的有关组织会把联邦调查局认为有颠覆性的组织和个人作为目标^[5]，其中包括美国共产党^[6]、反越战运动^[7]、黑人民权运动（如马丁路德金、伊斯兰国度、黑豹党）^[8]、美国印第安运动^[8]、波多黎各独立运动^[7]、第二波女权主义运动^[9]^[10]、环保运动及各种进步派社运团体等^[7]^[11]。

1971年，联邦调查局在圣地亚哥资助、武装和控制了一个由组成的极右翼准军事组织“秘密军队组织（英语：Secret Army Organization）”（Secret Army Organization），以参与反战运动的团体、活动家和领导人为目标，对他们使用恐吓和暴力行为^[12]^[13]^[14]。FBI自成立以来就对国内各政治团体采取秘密行动，反情报计划于1956年至1971年间盛行，通过心理战策略比如伪造文件和在媒体上植入虚假报导来抹黑目标、跟踪、骚扰、非法监禁、暴力，甚至暗杀来完全任务，许多这些的策略至今依旧在使用^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] 。而根据参议院的一份报告，他们认为联邦调查局的动机是“保护国家安全，防止暴力，维护现有的社会和政治秩序”^[19]。

[1]
I. Introduction and Summary (PDF). Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans – Church Committee final report. II. United States Senate. 1976-04-26: 10 [2014-07-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-18）.
[2]
Wolf, Paul. COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story. World Conference Against Racism. Durbin, South Africa: 11. 2001-09-01 [2018-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-09）.
[3]
Jalon, Allan M. A break-in to end all break-ins. The Los Angeles Times. 2006-03-08 [2014-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-03）.
[4]
The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement (PDF) (报告). American Civil Liberties Union. 2002 [2017-11-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-02-05）.
[5]
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The FBI: A History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2008: 189 [2007]. ISBN 978-0-300-14284-6. OCLC 223872966.
[6]
Weiner 2012，第195页.
[7]
Bosi, Lorenzo; Giugni, Marco; Uba, Katrin (编). The Consequences of Social Movements. Cambridge University Press. 2016: 66. ISBN 978-1107539211.
[8]
Newton, Michael. White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2014: 146. ISBN 978-0-7864-7774-6. OCLC 877370955.
[9]
Salper, Roberta. U.S. Government Surveillance and the Women's Liberation Movement, 1968–1973: A Case Study. Feminist Studies. 2008, 34 (3): 431–455 [2022-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-16） –通过JSTOR.
[10]
The Women's Liberation Movement and COINTELPRO (PDF). www.freedomarchives.org. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-07-24）.
[11]
Groups targeted by COINTELPRO. （原始内容存档于2012-09-10）.
[12]
Newton, Michael. The FBI Encyclopedia. McFarland. 2012: 143–145 [2018-06-13]. ISBN 978-1476604176. （原始内容存档于2019-04-05）（英语）.
[13]
Chomsky, Noam. Triumphs of Democracy. chomsky.info (excerpt from Language and Responsibility). [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-05）.
[14]
The San Diego Coup. Ramparts. （原始内容存档于2005-03-08）.
[15]
Walby, Kevin; Monaghan, Jeffery. Private Eyes and Public Order: Policing and Surveillance in the Suppression of Animal Rights Activists in Canada. Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (编). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century 4th. Toronto: Canadian Scholars. 2016: 148, note 1. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1. OCLC 1002804017.
[16]
Orr, Martin. The Failure of Neoliberal Globalization and the End of Empire. Berberoglu, Berch (编). Globalization in the 21st Century: Labor, Capital, and the State on a World Scale. Springer. 2010: 182. ISBN 978-0-230-10639-0. OCLC 700167013.
[17]
Swearingen, M. Wesley. FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose. Boston: South End Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-89608-502-2. OCLC 31330305. [Special Agent Gregg York:] We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place. Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.
[18]
Murder of Fred Hampton (PDF). It's About Time – Black Panther Party Legacy & Alumni. [2009-07-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-02-15）.
[19]
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (PDF) (Final Report). 1976 [2017-11-17]. S. Rep. No. 94-755. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-18）.
[20]
Medsger, Betty. In 1971, Muhammad Ali Helped Undermine the FBI's Illegal Spying on Americans. The Intercept. 2016-06-06 [2017-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-27）.
[21]
Maxwell, William J. F.B. Eyes: How J. Edgar Hoover's Ghostreaders Framed African American Literature. Princeton University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-1400852062 （英语）.
[22]
Malcolm X Assassination & FBI COINTELPRO. NOI.org Official Website. 2013-09-11 [2019-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-03）（美国英语）.

[church-final-report-1] [1]
I. Introduction and Summary (PDF). Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans – Church Committee final report. II. United States Senate. 1976-04-26: 10 [2014-07-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-18）.

[2] [2]
Wolf, Paul. COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story. World Conference Against Racism. Durbin, South Africa: 11. 2001-09-01 [2018-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-09）.

[Citizens-3] [3]
Jalon, Allan M. A break-in to end all break-ins. The Los Angeles Times. 2006-03-08 [2014-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-03）.

[The-Dangers-of-Domestic-Spying-by-Federal-Law-Enforcement-4] [4]
The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement (PDF) (报告). American Civil Liberties Union. 2002 [2017-11-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-02-05）.

[Jeffreys-Jones-5] [5]
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The FBI: A History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2008: 189 [2007]. ISBN 978-0-300-14284-6. OCLC 223872966.

[Weiner_2012_195-6] [6]
Weiner 2012，第195页.

[:0-7] [7]
Bosi, Lorenzo; Giugni, Marco; Uba, Katrin (编). The Consequences of Social Movements. Cambridge University Press. 2016: 66. ISBN 978-1107539211.

[:1-8] [8]
Newton, Michael. White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2014: 146. ISBN 978-0-7864-7774-6. OCLC 877370955.

[9] [9]
Salper, Roberta. U.S. Government Surveillance and the Women's Liberation Movement, 1968–1973: A Case Study. Feminist Studies. 2008, 34 (3): 431–455 [2022-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-16） –通过JSTOR.

[10] [10]
The Women's Liberation Movement and COINTELPRO (PDF). www.freedomarchives.org. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-07-24）.

[11] [11]
Groups targeted by COINTELPRO. （原始内容存档于2012-09-10）.

[Newton_143–145-12] [12]
Newton, Michael. The FBI Encyclopedia. McFarland. 2012: 143–145 [2018-06-13]. ISBN 978-1476604176. （原始内容存档于2019-04-05）（英语）.

[chomsky.info-13] [13]
Chomsky, Noam. Triumphs of Democracy. chomsky.info (excerpt from Language and Responsibility). [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-05）.

[14] [14]
The San Diego Coup. Ramparts. （原始内容存档于2005-03-08）.

[15] [15]
Walby, Kevin; Monaghan, Jeffery. Private Eyes and Public Order: Policing and Surveillance in the Suppression of Animal Rights Activists in Canada. Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (编). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century 4th. Toronto: Canadian Scholars. 2016: 148, note 1. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1. OCLC 1002804017.

[16] [16]
Orr, Martin. The Failure of Neoliberal Globalization and the End of Empire. Berberoglu, Berch (编). Globalization in the 21st Century: Labor, Capital, and the State on a World Scale. Springer. 2010: 182. ISBN 978-0-230-10639-0. OCLC 700167013.

[FBI_Secrets_1995-17] [17]
Swearingen, M. Wesley. FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose. Boston: South End Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-89608-502-2. OCLC 31330305. [Special Agent Gregg York:] We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place. Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.

[itsabouttimebpp.com-18] [18]
Murder of Fred Hampton (PDF). It's About Time – Black Panther Party Legacy & Alumni. [2009-07-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-02-15）.

[19] [19]
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (PDF) (Final Report). 1976 [2017-11-17]. S. Rep. No. 94-755. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-18）.

[Intercept-20] [20]
Medsger, Betty. In 1971, Muhammad Ali Helped Undermine the FBI's Illegal Spying on Americans. The Intercept. 2016-06-06 [2017-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-27）.

[21] [21]
Maxwell, William J. F.B. Eyes: How J. Edgar Hoover's Ghostreaders Framed African American Literature. Princeton University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-1400852062 （英语）.

[22] [22]
Malcolm X Assassination & FBI COINTELPRO. NOI.org Official Website. 2013-09-11 [2019-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-03）（美国英语）.

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反情报计划

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反情报计划

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