印度池鹭

印度池鹭
	非繁殖羽（斯里兰卡）
	繁殖羽（印度） ; Call
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	鹈形目 Pelecaniformes
科：	鹭科 Ardeidae
属：	池鹭属 Ardeola
种：	印度池鹭 A. grayii
二名法
	Ardeola grayii; (Sykes, 1832)
异名
	Ardeola leucoptera

印度池鹭（学名：Ardeola grayii），是鹈形目鹭科的一种小型的鹭。它起源于旧大陆，在南伊朗繁殖，向东延伸至印度次大陆、缅甸和斯里兰卡。它们分布广泛且常见，但当它们在小池塘边缘悄悄猎食或在靠近人类居住区的地方栖息时，却很容易被忽视。^[2] 当它们起飞时，非常显眼，明亮的白色翅膀与身体隐蔽的橄榄色和棕色条纹形成鲜明对比。它们的伪装非常出色，以致可以在它们起飞之前近距离接近，这种行为导致了民间名称和相信这些鸟是近视或盲目的说法。^[3]^[4]

Quick Facts 印度池鹭, 保护状况 ...

Close

分布

波斯湾至印度、缅甸、安达曼和尼科巴群岛。^[5]

描述

印度池鹭体重约253克，翼长约207.4毫米，嘴峰长约72.4毫米，喙宽度约9.3毫米，喙厚度约12.1毫米，跗跖长约57.3毫米，尾长约74毫米。^[6] 印度池鹭体型矮壮，颈部短，喙短而粗，背部为黄褐色。夏季，成鸟的颈部有长羽毛。当它们起飞时，从暗淡的颜色转变为显眼的白色翅膀，使其非常突出。它们与斑鹭（Ardeola ralloides）非常相似，但背部较暗。在其分布范围以东，则被池鹭（Ardeola bacchus）取代。

在繁殖季节，有记录表明一些个体有红色的腿。但数量并不足以证明是成鸟在繁殖季节的正常变化，有人认为这可能是基因变异的结果。^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

红色变异（Erythristic）的羽毛已有纪录。^[11] 在马尔地夫发现的种群被建议归类为一个新种，但没有被广泛接受。^[12] 它与密切相关的池鹭、爪哇池鹭和马达加斯加池鹭形成一个超种。^{[来源请求]}

一般不会发出叫声，但在受惊或接近巢穴时可能会发出刺耳的叫声。^[12]

这种鸟在1832年由上校W. H. Sykes首次描述，并以约翰·爱德华·格雷的名字命名其学名。染色体核型研究表明，池鹭有68条染色体（2N）。^[13]

行为与生态

它们在印度非常常见，通常独自觅食，但在旱季期间，当小型湿地有高密度猎物时，有时会有数量相当多的个体在近距离觅食。繁殖时是半群居方式。有时可发现也会在垃圾堆上觅食。在旱季，它们有时会在水分充足的草坪上或甚至在干燥的草地上觅食。觅食时，它们会允许接近到很近距离，仅在距离太近时才会惊飞。它们有时会在繁忙的城市区域的林荫大道树上形成集体栖地。^[14]

食物与觅食

印度池鹭的觅食地点是沼泽湿地。通常在池塘边缘觅食，但也大量利用浮水植被如布袋莲来进入更深的水域。它们有时也会在水面上游泳或从空中捕鱼，并在更深的水域降落。^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]它们也被观察到在空中飞行并捕捉跳出水面的鱼。^[19] ^[20]有时，它们会低飞过水面，将青蛙和鱼赶向岸边，然后落在岸边狩猎。^[21] 并有纪录会捡起面包屑并将其丢到水面上来引诱鱼类。^[22]

这些鸟的主要食物包括甲壳类动物、水生昆虫、鱼类、蝌蚪，有时还包括水蛭（Herpobdelloides sp.）。^[23]在湿地以外，这些鹭鸶会吃昆虫（包括蟋蟀、蜻蜓^[24]和蜜蜂^[25]）、鱼（Barilius 在昌迪加尔的一项研究中被认为是重要食物）和两栖动物。^[26]

繁殖

繁殖季节始于季风来临时。它们在小群落中筑巢，通常与其他涉水鸟类混在一起，通常在树木或灌木上的平台上筑巢。大多数巢筑在约9到10米高的大树上。雄鸟收集筑巢材料，而雌鸟筑巢。会产下三到五枚蛋。^[27] 蛋会在18到24天内分批孵化。雌雄都会喂养幼鸟。^[28] 鱼是喂养幼鸟的主要食物。^[29] 没有被干扰的巢址可能年复一年地重复使用。^[30]

死亡因素

它们的天敌很少，但受伤的鸟可能会被猛禽捕食。^[31]

一种导致 Balagodu病的虫媒病毒，以及吸虫^[32]和其他多种寄生虫，都有在这种鸟中分离出来的纪录。^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37] 在印度南部的池鹭和牛鹭中已检测到日本脑炎和西尼罗河病毒的抗体。^[38] 从污染水域中觅食获得的重金属可能特别集中在尾羽中。^[39]

在文化中的地位

站立不动并在最后一刻才惊飞的习性导致了广泛的民间信仰，认为它们是半盲的，并且它们在许多语言中的名字包含了这样的暗示。在斯里兰卡，这种鸟被称为kana koka，在僧伽罗语中翻译为“半盲鹭”。^[3] 印度斯坦语短语“bagla bhagat”被用来形容“披著羊皮的狼”或伪君子，看起来像一个在冥想的圣人^[40]，并出现在马拉地语的一句谚语中。^[41] 稻田鸟也作为希托帕德沙中的一个角色出现，在其中一个故事中，它为了拯救国王而让自己受伤。^[42] 盎格鲁-印度自然主义作家注意到了这种鸟惊人的颜色变化。菲利普·斯图尔特·罗宾逊描述这种鸟“坐著时是全灰的，飞起来时是全白的”。^[43] 据说在过去的印度，很多人都吃过这种鸟。^[44]

在羽毛贸易的高峰期，从“稻田鸟”身上收集羽毛并出口到英国。^[45]

参考资料

[1]
BirdLife International. HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist. 6.0b. 2022 [2022-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-25）.
[2]
International Ornithologists' Union. IOC World Bird List 12.1 (Multilingual Version). [2022-08-19]. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.12.1. （原始内容存档于2022-04-01）（英语）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 引用错误：没有为名为Anonymous的参考文献提供内容
^ 引用错误：没有为名为Yule的参考文献提供内容
[5]
Clements, J. F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Billerman, S. M.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, D.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021.. 2021 [2022-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-12）.
[6]
Tobias, J. A.; Sheard, C.; Pigot, A. L.; Devenish, A. J. M.; Yang, J.; Sayol, F.; Neate‐Clegg, M. H. C.; Alioravainen, N.; Weeks, T. L.; Barber, R. A.; Walkden, P. A. AVONET: Morphological, Ecological and Geographical Data for all Birds. Ecology Letters. 2022, 25 (3) [2022-08-19]. ISSN 1461-023X. doi:10.1111/ele.13898. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07）（英语）.
[7]
Gopisundar, K. S. Abundance and seasonality of Indian Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in Uttar Pradesh, India (PDF). Forktail. 2004, 20. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-10-11）.
[8]
Abdulali, H. & Alexander, H. G. Ardeidae with red legs. Ibis. 1952, 94 (2): 363. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01829.x.
[9]
Wesley, H. D. Genetics of the red tarsi and feet in the Pond Heron. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1993, 33 (4): 73.
[10]
Sundar, Gopi KS. Distribution and extent of Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in India (PDF). Indian Birds. 2005, 1 (5): 108–115.
[11]
Parasharya, BM. An erythristic pond heron. Pavo. 1983, 21 (1&2): 107–108.
[12]
Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton. Birds of South Asia:The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. 2005.
[13]
M. K. Mohanty; S. P. Bhunya. Karyological studies in four species of ardeid birds (Ardeldae, Ciconiiformes). Genetica. 1990, 81 (3): 211–214. S2CID 29647762. doi:10.1007/BF00360867.
[14]
Gadgil, Madhav; Salim Ali. Communal roosting habits of Indian birds. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1975, 72 (3): 716–727.
[15]
Chandra-Bose, DA. The Paddybird, Ardeola grayii (Sykes) floating on water. Pavo. 1969, 7 (1&2): 74–75.
[16]
Neelakantan, KK. Pond heron afloat. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1986, 26 (5–6): 11–13.
[17]
Krishna, MB. Pond Herons. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1978, 18 (10): 12.
[18]
Muir, G.B.F. Paddy-birds Ardeola grayii fishing. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1916, 24 (2): 366–367.
[19]
Grimwood, I.M .; Brocklehurst, M.J.C. Unusual feeding behaviour in the Paddy Bird or Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1984, 81 (3): 696–697.
[20]
Sivasubramanian, C. Aerial feeding by Median Egret (Egretta intermedia), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1988, 85 (3): 611–612.
[21]
Kirkpatrick, K. M. Feeding habit of the Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1953, 51 (2): 507.
[22]
Réglade, Michel Antoine; Dilawar, Mohammed E.; Anand, Ulhas. Active bait-fishing in Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii. Indian Birds. 2015, 10 (5): 124–125.
[23]
Mathew, DN; Narendran, TC; Zacharias, VJ. A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1978, 75 (4): 1178–1197.
[24]
Santharam, V. Indian pond-herons Ardeola grayii feeding on dragonflies. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 2003, 100 (1): 108.
[25]
Prasad, JN; Hemanth, J. Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) feeding on bees. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1992, 89 (2): 246.
[26]
Sodhi, N.S. Feeding ecology of Indian pond heron and its comparison with that of little egret. Pavo. 1986, 24 (1&2): 97–112.
[27]
Pandey, Deep Narayan. Nesting of the Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) on Eucalyptus trees. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1991, 88 (2): 281.
[28]
Yesmin, R.; Rahman, K. & Haque, N. The breeding biology of the Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii Sykes) in captivity. Tigerpaper. 2001, 28 (1): 15–18.
[29]
Begum, S. Colonial nesting behavior in Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii grayii) of Bangladesh (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal. 2003, 18 (6): 1113–1116 [2009-05-31]. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.18.6.1113-6 . （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-06-03）.
[30]
Ali, S.; S. D. Ripley. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan 1 2nd. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1978: 63–64.
[31]
Navarro, A. Pale Harrier taking a Pond Heron. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1962, 59 (2): 653.
[32]
Umadevi K; R. Madhavi. Observations on the morphology and life-cycle of Procerovum varium (Onji & Nishio, 1916) (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). Systematic Parasitology. 2000, 46 (3): 215–225. PMID 10845654. S2CID 4497926. doi:10.1023/A:1006398205390.
[33]
Pavri K, Sheikh BH, Singh KR, Rajagopalan PK, Casals J. Balagodu virus, a new arbovirus isolated from Ardeola grayii (Sykes) in Mysore State, South India. Indian J Med Res. 1969, 57 (4): 758–64. PMID 4979767.
[34]
Pavri KM, Rajagopalan PK, Arnstein P. Isolation of Ornithosis bedsoniae from paddy birds, Ardeola grayii (Sykes), in Mysore State India. Indian J. Med. Res. 1968, 56 (11): 1592–4. PMID 5715959.
[35]
Sahay S, Sahay U, Verma DK. On a new trematode of the genus Psilorchis (Psilostomidae Looss, 1900) from pond heron Ardeola grayii. Indian Journal of Parasitology. 1990, 14 (2): 203–205.
[36]
Madhavi, R; Narasimha Rao, N; Rukmini, C. The life history of Echinochasmus bagulai Verma 1935 (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae). Acta Parasitologica Polonica. 1989, 34 (3): 259–265.
[37]
Deshmukh PG. On the male of Avioserpens multipapillosa Singh, 1949 from Ardeola grayii. Rivista di Parassitologia. 1971, 32 (2): 101–3. PMID 5166875.
[38]
Paramasivan, R.; A.C. Mishra; D.T. Mourya. West Nile virus: the Indian scenario (PDF). Indian J Med Res. 2003, 118: 101–108 [2008-09-23]. PMID 14700342. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.
[39]
Muralidharan, S.; Jayakumar, R.; Vishnu, G. Heavy metals in feathers of six species of birds in the district Nilgiris, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2004, 73 (2): 285–291. PMID 15386041. S2CID 26914063. doi:10.1007/s00128-004-0425-x.
[40]
Pahwa, Munshi Thakardass. The modern Hindustani scholar of the Pucca munshi. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. 1919.
[41]
Manwaring, A. Marathi proverbs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1899: 40.
[42]
Arnold, Edwin. The Book of Good Counsels from the Sanskrit of the Hitopadesa. London: W.H.Allen and Co. 1893: 108.
[43]
Dewar, Douglas. Bombay Ducks. London: John Lane Company. 1896: 111, 235–239.
[44]
Susainathan, P. Bird friends and foes of the farmer. Bulletin NO. 81. Madras: Department of Agriculture. 1921: 48.
[45]
Watt, George. The Commercial Products of India. London: John Murray. 1908: 139.

这是一篇与鸟类相关的小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[birdlife-1] [1]
BirdLife International. HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist. 6.0b. 2022 [2022-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-25）.

[IOC12.1-2] [2]
International Ornithologists' Union. IOC World Bird List 12.1 (Multilingual Version). [2022-08-19]. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.12.1. （原始内容存档于2022-04-01）（英语）.

[Anonymous-3] 3.0 ^3.1 引用错误：没有为名为Anonymous的参考文献提供内容

[Yule-4] 引用错误：没有为名为Yule的参考文献提供内容

[clements-5] [5]
Clements, J. F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Billerman, S. M.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, D.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021.. 2021 [2022-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-12）.

[avonet-6] [6]
Tobias, J. A.; Sheard, C.; Pigot, A. L.; Devenish, A. J. M.; Yang, J.; Sayol, F.; Neate‐Clegg, M. H. C.; Alioravainen, N.; Weeks, T. L.; Barber, R. A.; Walkden, P. A. AVONET: Morphological, Ecological and Geographical Data for all Birds. Ecology Letters. 2022, 25 (3) [2022-08-19]. ISSN 1461-023X. doi:10.1111/ele.13898. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07）（英语）.

[7] [7]
Gopisundar, K. S. Abundance and seasonality of Indian Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in Uttar Pradesh, India (PDF). Forktail. 2004, 20. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-10-11）.

[8] [8]
Abdulali, H. & Alexander, H. G. Ardeidae with red legs. Ibis. 1952, 94 (2): 363. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01829.x.

[9] [9]
Wesley, H. D. Genetics of the red tarsi and feet in the Pond Heron. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1993, 33 (4): 73.

[10] [10]
Sundar, Gopi KS. Distribution and extent of Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in India (PDF). Indian Birds. 2005, 1 (5): 108–115.

[11] [11]
Parasharya, BM. An erythristic pond heron. Pavo. 1983, 21 (1&2): 107–108.

[ras-12] [12]
Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton. Birds of South Asia:The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. 2005.

[13] [13]
M. K. Mohanty; S. P. Bhunya. Karyological studies in four species of ardeid birds (Ardeldae, Ciconiiformes). Genetica. 1990, 81 (3): 211–214. S2CID 29647762. doi:10.1007/BF00360867.

[14] [14]
Gadgil, Madhav; Salim Ali. Communal roosting habits of Indian birds. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1975, 72 (3): 716–727.

[15] [15]
Chandra-Bose, DA. The Paddybird, Ardeola grayii (Sykes) floating on water. Pavo. 1969, 7 (1&2): 74–75.

[16] [16]
Neelakantan, KK. Pond heron afloat. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1986, 26 (5–6): 11–13.

[17] [17]
Krishna, MB. Pond Herons. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1978, 18 (10): 12.

[18] [18]
Muir, G.B.F. Paddy-birds Ardeola grayii fishing. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1916, 24 (2): 366–367.

[19] [19]
Grimwood, I.M .; Brocklehurst, M.J.C. Unusual feeding behaviour in the Paddy Bird or Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1984, 81 (3): 696–697.

[20] [20]
Sivasubramanian, C. Aerial feeding by Median Egret (Egretta intermedia), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1988, 85 (3): 611–612.

[21] [21]
Kirkpatrick, K. M. Feeding habit of the Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1953, 51 (2): 507.

[22] [22]
Réglade, Michel Antoine; Dilawar, Mohammed E.; Anand, Ulhas. Active bait-fishing in Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii. Indian Birds. 2015, 10 (5): 124–125.

[23] [23]
Mathew, DN; Narendran, TC; Zacharias, VJ. A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1978, 75 (4): 1178–1197.

[24] [24]
Santharam, V. Indian pond-herons Ardeola grayii feeding on dragonflies. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 2003, 100 (1): 108.

[25] [25]
Prasad, JN; Hemanth, J. Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) feeding on bees. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1992, 89 (2): 246.

[26] [26]
Sodhi, N.S. Feeding ecology of Indian pond heron and its comparison with that of little egret. Pavo. 1986, 24 (1&2): 97–112.

[27] [27]
Pandey, Deep Narayan. Nesting of the Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) on Eucalyptus trees. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1991, 88 (2): 281.

[yesmin-28] [28]
Yesmin, R.; Rahman, K. & Haque, N. The breeding biology of the Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii Sykes) in captivity. Tigerpaper. 2001, 28 (1): 15–18.

[begum-29] [29]
Begum, S. Colonial nesting behavior in Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii grayii) of Bangladesh (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal. 2003, 18 (6): 1113–1116 [2009-05-31]. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.18.6.1113-6 . （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-06-03）.

[hbk-30] [30]
Ali, S.; S. D. Ripley. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan 1 2nd. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1978: 63–64.

[31] [31]
Navarro, A. Pale Harrier taking a Pond Heron. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1962, 59 (2): 653.

[32] [32]
Umadevi K; R. Madhavi. Observations on the morphology and life-cycle of Procerovum varium (Onji & Nishio, 1916) (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). Systematic Parasitology. 2000, 46 (3): 215–225. PMID 10845654. S2CID 4497926. doi:10.1023/A:1006398205390.

[33] [33]
Pavri K, Sheikh BH, Singh KR, Rajagopalan PK, Casals J. Balagodu virus, a new arbovirus isolated from Ardeola grayii (Sykes) in Mysore State, South India. Indian J Med Res. 1969, 57 (4): 758–64. PMID 4979767.

[34] [34]
Pavri KM, Rajagopalan PK, Arnstein P. Isolation of Ornithosis bedsoniae from paddy birds, Ardeola grayii (Sykes), in Mysore State India. Indian J. Med. Res. 1968, 56 (11): 1592–4. PMID 5715959.

[35] [35]
Sahay S, Sahay U, Verma DK. On a new trematode of the genus Psilorchis (Psilostomidae Looss, 1900) from pond heron Ardeola grayii. Indian Journal of Parasitology. 1990, 14 (2): 203–205.

[36] [36]
Madhavi, R; Narasimha Rao, N; Rukmini, C. The life history of Echinochasmus bagulai Verma 1935 (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae). Acta Parasitologica Polonica. 1989, 34 (3): 259–265.

[37] [37]
Deshmukh PG. On the male of Avioserpens multipapillosa Singh, 1949 from Ardeola grayii. Rivista di Parassitologia. 1971, 32 (2): 101–3. PMID 5166875.

[38] [38]
Paramasivan, R.; A.C. Mishra; D.T. Mourya. West Nile virus: the Indian scenario (PDF). Indian J Med Res. 2003, 118: 101–108 [2008-09-23]. PMID 14700342. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.

[39] [39]
Muralidharan, S.; Jayakumar, R.; Vishnu, G. Heavy metals in feathers of six species of birds in the district Nilgiris, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2004, 73 (2): 285–291. PMID 15386041. S2CID 26914063. doi:10.1007/s00128-004-0425-x.

[40] [40]
Pahwa, Munshi Thakardass. The modern Hindustani scholar of the Pucca munshi. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. 1919.

[41] [41]
Manwaring, A. Marathi proverbs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1899: 40.

[42] [42]
Arnold, Edwin. The Book of Good Counsels from the Sanskrit of the Hitopadesa. London: W.H.Allen and Co. 1893: 108.

[43] [43]
Dewar, Douglas. Bombay Ducks. London: John Lane Company. 1896: 111, 235–239.

[44] [44]
Susainathan, P. Bird friends and foes of the farmer. Bulletin NO. 81. Madras: Department of Agriculture. 1921: 48.

[45] [45]
Watt, George. The Commercial Products of India. London: John Murray. 1908: 139.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[1]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]