分枝杆菌属 (学名:Mycobacterium )为放线菌门 的一属细菌,且为分枝杆菌科唯一的属。为形状不规则的革兰氏阳性杆菌,不能游动,通常抗酸,无气生菌丝和孢子。
Quick Facts 分枝杆菌属, 科学分类 ...
Close
该属细菌包括许多已知在哺乳类动物 中造成严重疾病的病原菌 ,包括结核杆菌 (Mycobacterium tuberculosis )和麻风杆菌 (Mycobacterium leprae )[ 1] 。
希腊语 中的 myco 表示“真菌”,意思是说该属的物种通常在液态培养基的表面,形成类似霉菌的菌落。[ 2]
2018年,基于全基因组测序的数据,对分枝杆菌属进一步进行修订,并拆分出4个新的菌属,即Mycolicibacillus 、Mycolicibacter 、Mycobacteroides 和Mycolicibacterium 。[ 3]
微生物细胞壁 : 1. 外层脂质 2. mycolic acid 3. 多糖 (arabinogalactan ) 4. 肽聚糖 5. 细胞膜 6. lipoarabinomannan (LAM) 7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside 8. 细胞壁骨架
本属物种为好氧型细菌,且为不运动型细菌(海洋分枝杆菌 除外,其可以在巨噬细胞 内运动),为一种抗酸型细菌 [ 1] 。分枝杆菌并不会形成内孢子 或荚膜 ,因此常被认定为革兰氏阴性菌 。且分枝杆菌在革兰氏染色上并无法染上结晶紫 ,因此无法被归类于革兰氏阳性菌或阴性菌。
虽然说本属不产孢子,但有两个物种似乎例外,那就是海洋分枝杆菌 (Mycobacterium marinum )和牛分枝杆菌(M. bovis )[ 4] 。但进一步的研究引发了争论。[ 5]
分枝杆菌的特点就是其细胞壁较其他物种厚,且呈蜡状疏水性,并含有大量的分枝菌酸 (mycolic acids)。多糖会将分枝菌酸层及肽聚糖层拉在一起,让细胞壁变得十分坚韧。若可干扰其细胞壁的生物合成途径,也许可以开发治疗肺结核 的药物。[ 6]
Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/ [永久失效链接 ] ) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.
表型测试可用于识别和区分不同的分枝杆菌物种和菌株。在以前的系统中,分枝杆菌根据它们的外观和生长速度进行分组的。然而,这些是近祖共性(symplesiomorphies)的,并且最近的分类基于支序分类学 (cladistics)进行的。
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
结核杆菌 ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ),肺结核分枝杆菌,肺结核 的主要致病菌。
牛分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium bovis
卡介苗 Mycobacterium bovis BCG
非洲分支杆菌 Mycobacterium africanum
卡氏分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium canetti
羊分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium caprae
田鼠分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium microti
海豹分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium pinnipedii ,鳍脚亚目动物分枝杆菌
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. The species M. indicus pranii appears to be basal in this complex.[ 9] Species in this complex include:
M. avium
鸟分枝杆菌类结核亚种 M. avium paratuberculosis , which has been implicated in Crohn's disease in humans and is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep
M. avium silvaticum
M. avium "hominissuis"
哥伦比亚分枝杆菌 M. colombiense
M. indicus pranii
亚洲分枝杆菌 M. asiaticum
M. gordonae
M. hiberniae
无色分枝杆菌 M. nonchromogenicum
土分枝杆菌 M. terrae
M. triviale
溃疡分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium ulcerans MacCallum et al. 1950 , 其会引起布如里氏溃疡 ("Buruli"), 或 "Bairnsdale, ulcer"]]
假分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii Rhodes et al. 2005
Mycobacterium shottsii Rhodes et al. 2003
三重分枝杆菌 M. triplex
日内瓦分枝杆菌 M. genavense
佛罗伦萨分枝杆菌 M. florentinum
缓黄分枝杆菌 M. lentiflavum
沼泽分枝杆菌 M. palustre
M. kubicae
M. parascrofulaceum
海德堡分枝杆菌 M. heidelbergense
居间分枝杆菌 M. interjectum
猴分枝杆菌 M. simiae
德氏分枝杆菌 M. branderi
M. cookii
隐藏分枝杆菌 M. celatum
M. bohemicum
嗜血分枝杆菌 M. haemophilum
玛尔摩分枝杆菌 M. malmoense
苏加分枝杆菌 M. szulgai
痳疯杆菌 Mycobacterium leprae ,麻风分枝杆菌, 痳疯病 的致病菌
鼠麻风分枝杆菌 M. lepraemurium
M. lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis ) 另一种引起痳疯病的较少见致病菌,于2008年被描述
博氏分票杆菌 Mycobacterium botniense
嵌合分枝杆菌 M. chimaera
出众分枝杆菌 M. conspicuum
M. doricum
鼻疽分枝杆菌 M. farcinogenes
半岛分枝杆菌 M. heckeshornense
胞内分枝杆菌 M. intracellulare
洛克司分枝杆菌 M. lacus
海洋分枝杆菌 (M. marinum ), causes a rare disease called Aquarium granuloma .
M. monacense
摩特弗分枝杆菌 M. montefiorense
M. murale
内布拉斯加分枝杆菌 M. nebraskense
萨斯喀彻温分枝杆菌 M. saskatchewanense
瘰病分枝杆菌 M. scrofulaceum
M. shimoidei
托斯卡纳分枝杆菌 M. tusciae
蟾分枝杆菌 M. xenopi
M. yongonense
Mycobacterium intermedium Meier et al. 1993
脓肿分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium abcessus
龟分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium chelonae
博氏分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium bolletii
偶然分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium fortuitum
Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
Mycobacterium boenickei
Mycobacterium peregrinum
猪分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium porcinum
塞内加尔分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium senegalense
败血分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium septicum
Mycobacterium neworleansense
休斯顿分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium houstonense
产黏液分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium mucogenicum
马德里分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium mageritense
Mycobacterium brisbanense
Mycobacterium cosmeticum
M. parafortuitum
南非分枝杆菌 M. austroafricanum
M. diernhoferi
M. hodleri
新金色分枝杆菌 M. neoaurum
M. frederiksbergense
Mycobacterium chitae
Mycobacterium fallax
Mycobacterium agri
Mycobacterium aichiense
Mycobacterium alvei
Mycobacterium arupense
Mycobacterium brumae
Mycobacterium canariasense
Mycobacterium chubuense
康赛医院分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium conceptionense
Mycobacterium confluentis Kirschner et al. 1992
Mycobacterium duvalii
象分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium elephantis
Mycobacterium flavescens Bojalil et al. 1962
Mycobacterium gadium
Mycobacterium gilvum
古地分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium goodii
Mycobacterium hassiacum
Mycobacterium holsaticum
免疫原分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium immunogenum
Mycobacterium komossense
马达加斯加分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium madagascariense
马赛分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium massiliense
Mycobacterium moriokaense Tsukamura et al. 1986
大府分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium obuense ,也拼作:Mycobacterium obuense
草分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann 1899
Mycobacterium psychrotolerans
Mycobacterium pulveris
Mycobacterium pyrenivorans
包皮垢分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevisan 1889) Lehmann and Neumann 1899,耻垢分枝杆菌
泥炭藓分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium sphagni Kazda 1980
Mycobacterium thermoresistibile
Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
沃氏分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium wolinskyi
Mycobacterium arosiense
欧巴涅分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium aubagnense
山羊分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium caprae
Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum
Mycobacterium fluoroanthenivorans
Mycobacterium kiyosense Fukano et al. 2023[ 11]
Mycobacterium kumamotonense Masaki et al. 2007
新城分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium novocastrense Shojaei et al. 1997
帕尔门塞分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium parmense
弗卡分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium phocaicum
Mycobacterium poriferae
Mycobacterium rhodesiae
Mycobacterium salfingeri Musser et al. 2024[ 12]
Mycobacterium seoulense
Mycobacterium tokaiense
分枝杆菌可以被分枝杆菌噬菌体 所感染,这种细菌病毒将来可能用于通过噬菌体疗法 治疗结核病和相关疾病。
James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook , p. 401.
Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:67.
Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
Rahman, Syed Asad; Singh, Yadvir; Kohli, Sakshi; Ahmad, Javeed; Ehtesham, Nasreen Z.; Tyagi, Anil K.; Hasnain, Seyed E. Lee, Sang Yup , 编. Comparative Analyses of Nonpathogenic, Opportunistic, and Totally Pathogenic Mycobacteria Reveal Genomic and Biochemical Variabilities and Highlight the Survival Attributes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . mBio. 2014-12-31, 5 (6) [2022-08-02 ] . ISSN 2161-2129 . PMC 4222108 . PMID 25370496 . doi:10.1128/mBio.02020-14 . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-25) (英语) .
Fukano H, Kazumi Y, Sakagami N, Fujiwara N, Ato M, Mitarai S, Hoshino Y. Mycobacterium kiyosense sp. nov., a scotochromogenic slow-glowing species isolated from respiratory specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5917.
Musser E, Smith C, Halse TA, Kohlerschmidt D, Rourke A, Fiero A, Musser KA, Escuyer V, Lapierre P. Characterization of Mycobacterium salfingeri sp. nov.: A novel nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from a human wound infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992610.
template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases
template:Mycobacteria