中等强国

中等强国（英语：Middle power）是一个于国际关系中使用的一个词。中等强国是用来描述一些并非超级大国或列强，但在国际上有一定影响力的国家。国际社会仍未对中等强国的定义有共识。

定义

中等强国并没有统一的定义。某些研究人员以GNP来划分中等强国。在经济方面来说，中等强国普遍上是指国家的经济体系不大，但也不小。但是，经济并不是划分中等强国的标准。在原本的定义中，中等强国指一个国家对国际某程度上有一些影响力，但其影响力并不遍布世界每个角落。但是，这个定义并没有成为标准。因此，某些中等强国列表中可能包含“大国”或“小国”。

中等强国的外交

G-20 的会议。G-20众国中，大部份国家都是中等强国，只有小部份才是大国。

中等强国外交特点：^[1]

• 通过全球性组织进行多方合作和与其他中等强国结盟。^[2]
• 对外政策有极大程度的公民社会的参与。
• 国家认同建立并反映于“新颖的外交政策”上，如维持和平、人类安全保障、加入国际刑事法院、参加京都议定书等环保条约等。

中等强国列表

以下是一个中等强国列表，所有被列出的国家皆被学者或专家承认其中等强国的地位。只是中等强国和大国之间的重复国家，以及中等强国和小国之间的重复国家，其边界定义模糊。

美国、中国、法国、英国、俄罗斯通常都被认定为大国，而非中等强国，全因其军事和战略地位显赫，以及其有核国家、联合国安理会常任理事国的地位。而美国更加是全球唯一的超级大国。

日本、德国、印度、巴西有时被认定为大国，而非中等强国。原因是这四国，为最有实力争取联合国安全理事会常任理事国扩增改革的新成员候选国；这四国并组成四国联盟，希望通过相互支持，推动未来改革的成功。此外，这四国在国际间也拥有不小的影响力，其中日本、德国是七大工业国组织成员国，而印度、巴西则是金砖国家成员国。

•  澳大利亚^{[3][4][5][6][7]}
•  奥地利^[8]
•  阿尔及利亚^[9]
•  阿根廷^[10][11][12]
•  孟加拉国^[8][13]
•  比利时^[8][14][15]
•  加拿大^{[3][7][16][17][18]}
•  智利^[14][19]
•  哥伦比亚^[14][19]
•  捷克 ^[8]
•  中华民国（台湾）^[20]
•  丹麦^[8][16][21]
•  埃及^{[10][22][23][24]}
•  芬兰^[8]
•  希腊^[25]
•  印度尼西亚^[8][26]
•  爱尔兰^[27]
•  以色列^[5][28]
•  义大利^[29][30]
•  伊拉克^[31][32]
•  伊朗^{[31][32][33][34]}
•  哈萨克斯坦^[23][26][35]
•  马来西亚^{[23][26][35][36]}
•  墨西哥^{[12][22][37][38][39]}
•  荷兰^[8][16][21]
•  奈及利亚^[8][22][35]
•  新西兰^[40]
•  挪威^[8][16][21]
•  巴基斯坦 ^[41][42]
•  秘鲁^{[12][19][43][44]}
•  菲律宾^[20]
•  波兰^{[8][38][9][45]}
•  葡萄牙^[46]
•  卡塔尔^[47][48]
•  罗马尼亚^[8]
•  沙乌地阿拉伯^[5][49][50]
•  南非^{[43][51][52][53][54]}
•  新加坡^[55][56]
•  西班牙^[8][46]
•  瑞士^[8]
•  瑞典^{[8][5][21][57]}
•  韩国^{[4][58][59][60][61]}
•  泰国^[20]
•  土耳其^[22][62]
•  阿联酋^[47][48]
•  乌克兰^[22][62]
•  越南^[20]

参见

• 超级强国
• 潜在超级大国
• 大国
• 地域大国
• 小国
• 新兴工业化国家

参考

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外部链接

• 中等强国（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

延伸阅读

• books.google.com（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Weak States in the International System. By Michael I. Handel.
• South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership
• Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Middle Power Internationalism（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Book info)
• Emerging Powers: Governance in a Changing Global Order, a Queen’s Centre for International Relations annual report