尽管辅助生殖技术已存在数十年,不过描绘接受这些技术时感情挣扎的电影和其他小说,在2000年代后期首次出现增加的态势(可能只有科幻小说中的不孕(英语:Pregnancy in science fiction)例外)[76]。然而,以某种程度体验过这些技术的相关人们数量不断增加,且尝试和冲突的种类繁多[76]。
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Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum. Reprod. Update. 2014, 20 (4): 582–93 [2019-09-04]. PMID 24619876. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu007. (原始内容存档于2020-05-09). Physicians should investigate women with unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriage or IUGR for undiagnosed CD. (...) CD can present with several non-gastrointestinal symptoms and it may escape timely recognition. Thus, given the heterogeneity of clinical presentation, many atypical cases of CD go undiagnosed, leading to a risk of long-term complications. Among atypical symptoms of CD, disorders of fertility, such as delayed menarche, early menopause, amenorrhea or infertility, and pregnancy complications, such as recurrent abortions, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA) babies, low birthweight (LBW) babies or preterm deliveries, must be factored. (...) However, the risk is significantly reduced by a gluten-free diet. These patients should therefore be made aware of the potential negative effects of active CD also in terms of reproductive performances, and of the importance of a strict diet to ameliorate their health condition and reproductive health.
Lasa, JS; Zubiaurre, I; Soifer, LO. Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arq Gastroenterol. 2014, 51 (2): 144–50. PMID 25003268. doi:10.1590/S0004-28032014000200014. Undiagnosed celiac disease is a risk factor for infertility. Women seeking medical advice for this particular condition should be screened for celiac disease. Adoption of a gluten-free diet could have a positive impact on fertility in this group of patients.(...)According to our results, non-diagnosed untreated CD constitutes a risk factor significantly associated with infertility in women. When comparing studies that enrolled patients previously diagnosed with CD, this association is not as evident as in the former context. This could be related to the effect that adoption of a gluten-free diet (GFD) may have on this particular health issue.
Hozyasz, K. Coeliac disease and problems associated with reproduction. Ginekol Pol. Mar 2001, 72 (3): 173–9. PMID 11398587. Coeliac men may have reversible infertility, and as in women, if gastrointestinal symptoms are mild or absent the diagnosis may be missed. It is important to make diagnosis because the giving of gluten free diet may result in conception and favourable outcome of pregnancy.
Sher, KS; Jayanthi, V; Probert, CS; Stewart, CR; Mayberry, JF. Infertility, obstetric and gynaecological problems in coeliac sprue. Dig Dis. 1994, 12 (3): 186–90. PMID 7988065. doi:10.1159/000171452. There is now substantial evidence that coeliac sprue is associated with infertility both in men and women. (...) In men it can cause hypogonadism, immature secondary sex characteristics and reduce semen quality. (...) Hyperprolactinaemia is seen in 25% of coeliac patients, which causes impotence and loss of libido. Gluten withdrawal and correction of deficient dietary elements can lead to a return of fertility both in men and women.
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Altmäe S, Stavreus-Evers A, Ruiz JR, Laanpere M, Syvänen T, Yngve A, Salumets A, Nilsson TK. Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 2010, 94 (1): 130–137. PMID 19324355. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.025.
Kenneth I. Aston; Philip J. Uren; Timothy G. Jenkins; Alan Horsager; Bradley R. Cairns; Andrew D. Smith; Douglas T. Carrell. Aberrant sperm DNA methylation predicts male fertility status and embryo quality. Fertility and Sterility. December 2015, 104 (6): 1388–1397. PMID 26361204. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.019.