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Many different 语言 are spoken in 墨西哥, though Spanish is the most widespread. The indigenous languages are from eleven distinct language families, including four isolates and one that immigrated from the United States. The Mexican government recognizes 68 national languages, 63 of which are indigenous, including around 350 dialects of those languages. The large majority of the population is monolingual in Spanish. Some immigrant and indigenous(英语:Indigenous peoples of Mexico) populations are bilingual, while some indigenous people are monolingual in their languages. Mexican Sign Language(英语:Mexican Sign Language) is spoken by much of the deaf population, and there are one or two indigenous sign languages as well.
墨西哥语言 | |
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主要语言 | Mexican Spanish(英语:Mexican Spanish) |
本土语言 | 纳瓦特尔语, 犹加敦马雅语, 萨波特克语, 米斯特克语, 马约语(英语:Mayo language), 亚基语(英语:Yaqui language), 泽塔尔语, 佐齐尔玛雅语(英语:Tzotzil language), 乔尔语, 托托纳克语(英语:Totonacan languages), 普雷佩查语, 欧托米语(英语:Otomi language), 马萨瓦语(英语:Mazahua language), 马萨特克语(英语:Mazatecan languages), 奇南特克语(英语:Chinantecan languages), 米赫语(英语:Mixe languages), Zoque language(英语:Zoque language), 波波洛坎语(英语:Popolocan languages) , Popoloca language(英语:Popoloca language), Tlapanec language(英语:Tlapanec language), Huichol language(英语:Huichol language), Cora language(英语:Cora language), Huave language(英语:Huave language), Pame language(英语:Pame language), Huastec language(英语:Huastec language), Kickapoo language(英语:Kickapoo language), Kiliwa language(英语:Kiliwa language), Paipai language(英语:Paipai language), Cucapá language(英语:Cucapá language), Amuzgo language(英语:Amuzgo language), 特里基语, Lacandon language(英语:Lacandon language), Mam language(英语:Mam language), Jakaltek language(英语:Jakaltek language), Matlatzinca language(英语:Matlatzinca language), Tepehua language(英语:Tepehua language), Chichimeca Jonaz language(英语:Chichimeca Jonaz language), Pima Bajo language(英语:Pima Bajo language), Chochotec(英语:Chochotec), Ixcatec language(英语:Ixcatec language), 阿亚帕涅科语, 瓦斯特克语 etc. |
少数语言 | 加泰罗尼亚语, 门诺低地德语, Chipilo Venetian dialect(英语:Chipilo Venetian dialect), 罗姆语 |
主要外语 | 德语, 希腊语, 意大利语, 阿拉伯语, 法语, 葡萄牙语, 官话, 日语, 英语 |
手语 | Mexican Sign Language(英语:Mexican Sign Language) Yucatan Sign Language(英语:Yucatan Sign Language) 平原印第安人手语 美国手语 |
常见键盘布局 | ![]() |
The government of Mexico uses Spanish for most official purposes, but in terms of legislation, its status is not that of an official primary language. The Law of Linguistic Rights establishes Spanish as one of the country's national languages, along with 63 distinct indigenous languages (from seven large families, plus four counted as 孤立语言s). The law, promulgated in 2003, requires the state to offer all of its services to its indigenous citizens in their mother tongues, but in practice this is not yet the case. Note that, as defined by 相互理解性, the number of spoken languages in Mexico is much greater than the 63 national languages, because National Institute of Indigenous Languages (INALI) counts distinct ethnic groups for the purposes of political classification. For instance, the 米斯特克人 are a single ethnicity and therefore count as a single language for governmental/legal purposes, but there are a dozen distinct Mixtec dialect regions, each of which includes at least one variety that is not mutually intelligible with those of the other dialect regions (Josserand, 1983), and Ethnologue counts 52 varieties of Mixtec that require separate literature. Ethnologue currently counts 282 indigenous languages currently spoken in Mexico, plus a number of immigrant languages (Lewis et al. 2018).
Due to the long history of marginalization of indigenous groups, most indigenous languages are endangered, with some languages expected to become extinct within years or decades, and others simply having populations that grow slower than the national average. According to the Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples(英语:National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples) (CDI) and National Institute of Indigenous Languages (INALI), while 10–14% of the population identifies as belonging to an indigenous group, around 6% speak an indigenous language.
There are other languages not native to Mexico that are spoken in the country. Besides Spanish, the most populous are probably English, German (门诺低地德语), Arabic, Chinese and Japanese.