莎士比亚的《马克白》常与他的《安东尼与克丽奥佩托拉》做对比。安东尼与马克白都积极寻求新世界,并以旧世界作为其代价。两人都积极争夺王位,并在途中遇到“对手”。安东尼的对手是屋大维,马克白的对手是班柯。在某一时刻,马克白甚至将自己与安东尼对比,称"under Banquo / My Genius is rebuk'd, as it is said / Mark Antony's was by Caesar."不但如此,两个剧本中都存在着具有强大影响力的女性角色:克丽奥佩托拉和马克白夫人。[6]
《霍林希德编年史》是当时在不列颠群岛流行的历史,莎士比亚从中借用了许多典故。在《编年史》中,一位名叫邓华德[7]的人发现自己的家人因涉嫌与女巫来往而被国王德夫(King Duff)杀死。在他妻子的压力下,邓华德和他四个仆人将国王杀死在自己家中。在《编年史》中,马克白被描述成努力维持国家运转,而邓肯王则昏庸无能。他与班柯遇到了三个女巫,后者所述的预言与莎士比亚的剧本中的一样。马克白便与班柯一道谋反,马克白夫人则对此表示支持并催促。马克白统治了国家十年,并最终被麦克德夫和马尔康推翻。两个版本的对比十分明显。然而,有的学者认为乔治·布坎南的 Rerum Scoticarum Historia与莎士比亚的剧本更加贴切。布坎南的作品在莎士比亚时代已有拉丁文版本。[8]
值得特别注意的是,从门卫的台词(2.3.1–21)可以看到他在给富农、裁缝和说话“暧昧含糊”的家伙开地狱的门(2.3.8-13),并被认为是对耶稣会的亨利·加尼特[19]的暗示,后者在1606年3月28日受审,5月3日被处决。“暧昧含糊”暗指对加尼特对“暧昧含糊(英语:Doctrine of mental reservation)”的辩护。[20]然而,暧昧含糊早在1583年伊丽莎白一世的大顾问伯利爵士[21]就被讨论过,1584年西班牙高级教士马丁·阿兹皮尔库塔[22]提出“暧昧含糊教义”[23],并在欧洲传播,又于十六世纪90年代传到了英国。[24]然而,门房称讲起话来暧昧含糊的家伙"committed treason enough for God's sake"(当着上帝的面叛国)(2.3.9-10),由此将暧昧含糊于叛国联系了起来,暗指耶稣会的信仰:暧昧含糊用于“服务上帝”是合法的;这更加表明暗示与加尼特有关。门房继续说“可是他那条暧昧含糊的舌头却不能把他送上天堂去”(2.3.10-11),回应了加尼特处决前夕的黑色幽默:即加尼特会被“毫不含糊地上绞架”,并在处决时不允许为自己做“暧昧含糊的辩护。”[25]门房提到的富农也是对加尼特的暗示,后者使用“富农”作了自己的别名。
除此之外,有的人提出一些暗示表明戏剧写于1606年末,根据是女巫们的对话包涵了船长的妻子:“‘滚开,妖巫!’那个吃鱼吃肉的贱人喊起来了。她的丈夫是‘猛虎号’的船长,到阿勒坡去了” (1.6-7)。这被认为是对“猛虎号”的暗示,后者在1606年6月27日回到英格兰,许多船员在途中被海盗所害。几行字后,女巫们说起船长:"He shall live a man forbid:Weary se'nnights nine times nine"(翻译:骨瘦如柴血色干;一年半载海上漂,后半句字义“受苦7昼夜的9乘以9”)(1.21-2)。现实中船在海上呆了567天,正好等于7x9x9,并被认为是暗示的证据,若是正确的,证明戏剧不可能早于1606年7月写成。[33]
婚姻:剧中的女人都只能得知她们冠夫姓,譬如“马克白夫人”和“Macduff女士”。马克白夫妇共同商量他们要成为苏格兰国王及皇后的计划。莎士比亚是提出夫妻是一个单位,并且需要对彼此的举止负责的概念的发起人。在第四幕第二场里,当Macduff与Malcolm 前往英国时, Macduff女士说: "From Whence himself [Macduff] does fly? / He loves us not He wants the natural touch; for the poor wren, / The most diminutive of birds, will fight, / Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. / all is the fear and nothing is the love." 她是说Macduff应该陪同他的妻子和家人住在城堡里守护他们。(根据莎士比亚)当马克白的杀手杀害Macduff家人时,他已经犯了错因为他不在他们身边保护他们。
邪恶:是要在剧中说明女巫、恶魔的使者,及他们的黑暗预言督导马克白。马克白的邪恶面也在剧中成长。 起初他原本是不想杀人,但是渐渐杀人就变得很普遍,在剧中的转折点马克白说: "Stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o'er." (3.4.138-139) 他决定了目前先继续杀人之后才来改悔回头。并且马克白越邪恶,女巫们也能在剧中有更多的戏份。
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