马户,又称牧户,即民间养官马的人家,明洪武六年(1373年)二月,定养马之法,以河北河南安徽地区的农民充当养马户。

明初有粮佥马户和市民马户两种,养马有三种形式:种马、表马、寄养马。养马户要保证马的健壮,否则要全额赔偿以至“小民卖田产鬻男女以充其数,苦不可言。”[1],时称“江南之患粮为最,河北之患马为最。”[2],于是出现所谓的响马盗

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