阿尔及利亚战争

阿尔及利亚战争; ثورة التحرير الجزائرية‎; Guerre d'Algérie
	冷战与非洲的非殖民化的一部分
日期	1954年11月1日－1962年3月19日
地点	阿尔及利亚
结果	法属阿尔及利亚独立僵持; 阿尔及利亚解放阵线政治宣传胜利; 双方达成埃维昂协议; 法兰西殖民帝国瓦解; 法兰西第四共和国倒台; 法兰西第五共和国成立;
参战方
指挥官与领导者
兵力
伤亡与损失
	总死亡: 250,000–300,000人（包含55,000-250,000人阿尔及利亚平民(有15万平民为民族解放阵线屠杀)）; ; ~1,500,000人死亡(民族解放阵线估计，明显夸大); ~700,000人死亡(Horne 估计); ~350,000人死亡(法国估计); 1百万欧洲平民被迫逃离阿尔及利亚; 200,000名犹太人逃离; 2,000,000名平民流离失所;

阿尔及利亚战争，也称为阿尔及利亚革命或阿尔及利亚独立战争，是1954年至1962年期间法国和阿尔及利亚民族解放阵线之间的战争，这导致阿尔及利亚脱离法国殖民统治。

Quick Facts 阿尔及利亚战争 ثورة التحرير الجزائرية‎Guerre d'Algérie, 日期 ...

Close

法国军队虽然在军事上取得优势，但其所采用的残酷镇压手段未能在阿尔及利亚赢得人心，疏远了法国本土的支持，并损害了法国在国外的声望。^[22] 随著战争持续，法国公众的反战情绪开始高涨，^[23]而包括美国在内的许多法国盟友在联合国关于阿尔及利亚的辩论中从支持法国转为弃权。^[24]

军事冲突令法国出现严重的政治危机，法国军队在1958年5月发动政变，导致第四共和国垮台，由总统权力更大的第五共和国取代，夏尔·戴高乐重新掌权。1960年，在阿尔及尔等主要城市爆发大规模支持独立的游行，以及支持阿尔及利亚独立的联合国决议获得通过后，第五共和国第一任总统戴高乐决定与民族解放阵线展开一系列谈判。1962年3月，双方签署埃维昂协议，正式停战，为阿尔及利亚独立展开准备。

法国就协议在1962年4月8日进行公投，91%法国选民赞成批准埃维昂协议。^[25] 7月1日，该协议在阿尔及利亚进行了第二次公投，其中99.72%选民投票支持独立，只有0.28%反对。^[26]

独立的计划在法国引发了国家危机。这包括对戴高乐的各种暗杀企图以及一些军事政变企图。前者大部分由秘密军事组织 (OAS) 执行。该组织主要由支持法国殖民统治的法国军人组成，在阿尔及利亚和法国本土策划多次炸弹袭击和谋杀行动，试图阻止阿尔及利亚独立。

1962年阿尔及利亚独立后，由于担心民族解放阵线的报复，90万欧裔阿尔及利亚人 (黑脚) 逃往法国，约9万曾为法国军队提供协助的阿尔及利亚穆斯林亦在法国军官的协助下逃到法国本土。法国政府对接收如此庞大的难民毫无准备，这在法国引起了社会动荡。

1830年法国占领了阿尔及利亚，建立法属阿尔及利亚殖民地，于1834年宣布阿尔及利亚为法国属地。在法国统治期间，大批欧洲人来到阿尔及利亚定居。1954年时，大约有100万欧洲裔人口在阿尔及利亚生活，当中包括大量世代居于当地的法裔居民。对许多法国人来说，放弃阿尔及利亚是难以接受的。

1954年11月1日，争取阿尔及利亚独立的“民族解放阵线”开始武装反抗法国人的统治，游击队在该日凌晨在境内多个地点袭击军事设施、警岗、货仓、通讯设施及公共设施。民族解放阵线的武装力量称“民族解放军”，开始时仅有数百名武装人员，到1957年已发展为一支人数近4万人的武装部队。当中逾3万人是匿藏在摩洛哥及突尼西亚接壤阿尔及利亚边境地区的外部单位，他们的主要作用是分散法军兵力，迫使法军在边境布置兵力阻截敌军渗透。民族解放阵线的主要战斗由阿尔及利亚境内的内部成员担当，有人估计这些内部成员有6000人，也有人估计逾25000人，另有数千人属兼职性质的非正式成员。

在1956年至1957年间，民族解放阵线采取打了就跑的游击战术，以伏击和夜袭为主，避免与装备较佳的法军交战。他们也发动一些绑架事件，对象包括法军、法国侨民、怀疑通敌者或叛徒，后来更扩大至政府雇员甚至是一些不肯跟他们合作的农民。

到1956年时，法国在阿尔及利亚已投入超过40万法军。攻击敌军的战斗任务主要由精锐的殖民地步兵空降单位及法国外籍兵团担当。有大约17万阿尔及利亚穆斯林在法国正规军中服役，大多数是自愿加入。

在1950年代后期，法国人把200万以上的阿尔及利亚人从家乡（大部份在山区）强迫迁徙到平原地区，防止他们支援叛军。

1962年3月18日，法国与阿尔及利亚民族解放阵线双方签署了埃维昂协议，同意阿尔及利亚举行公民投票决定是否独立。1962年7月1日，阿尔及利亚选民在投票中几乎一面倒地赞成独立。法国在7月3日承认阿尔及利亚为一个独立国家。

关于这次战争的总死亡人数，民族解放阵线估计有30万人在这场战争中因战事死亡，有些阿尔及利亚方面的数字估计为100万人，法国官方数字则为35万人。法军伤亡方面，法国公布有25600法军死亡，当中包括6000人因非战斗原因死亡，另有65000人受伤^[14]。BBC的一篇文章指战争造成3万法国人及最少50万阿尔及利亚人丧生。^[27]

大量欧裔人口（法文称他们为pied-noir，意思是“黑脚”），包括犹太人，在阿尔及利亚独立之际逃离当地，仅在1962年的几个月内就有90万人离开。

一些本地的阿尔及利亚穆斯林站在法国一方，称为哈基人。根据法国官方数字，在1962年有23,6000名阿尔及利亚穆斯林为法国陆军服务，有些人在正规单位，另一些则是非正规人员。有些人认为忠于法国的穆斯林及其家人多达100万人，不过40万人这个数字较多被引用。

在1962年，虽然法国官方政策反对，仍有约91,000名哈基人逃到法国。许多阿尔及利亚人视哈基人为叛徒，许多留在阿尔及利亚的哈基人在当地独立后受到报复，法国历史学者估计有5万至15万哈基人及其家人在阿尔及利亚被杀。虽然法国在雅克·希拉克总统任内确认了哈基人所受的苦难，不过法国对哈基人的处理方式至今仍存有争议。[28]

《阿尔及尔之战》 The Battle of Algiers，导演 Gillo Pontecorvo，获1966年威尼斯金狮奖。

[1]
Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike. The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. 1997: 11. ISBN 9781855326583.
[2]
Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
[3]
Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.
[4]
George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.
[5]
Robert J. C. Young. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. 12 October 2016: 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.
[6]
R. Aldrich. Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 10 December 2004: 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.
[7]
Alec G. Hargreaves. Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. 2005: 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
[8]
"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).
[9]
Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack. Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. 2008: 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.
[10]
Yves Beigbeder. Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2006: 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.
[11]
France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013: 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.
[12]
Martin Windrow, The Algerian War 1954–62. p. 17
[13]
存档副本 (PDF). [2019-12-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-08）.
[14]
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.. 1978: 358. ISBN 9781590172186. Authors list列表中的|first1=缺少|last1= (帮助)
[15]
Algeria: War of independence. Mass Atrocity Endings. [2022-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-14）.:
He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.

Meynier's work cited was: Meynier, Gilbert. Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962. [2022-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-13）.
[16]
Rummel, Rudolph J. STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Table 14.1 B; row 664. [2022-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.
[17]
Rummel, Rudolph J. STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Table 14.1 B; row 694. [2022-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为Horne的参考文献提供内容
[19]
Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. 2000: 38 [2017-01-13]. ISBN 9780199241040. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
[20]
Hobson, Faure L. The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?. Archives Juives. 2009, 42 (2): 67–81 [2022-02-24]. doi:10.3917/aj.422.0067. （原始内容存档于2022-10-13）.
[21]
Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change. countrystudies.us. [2017-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-03）.
[22]
Irwin M. Wall (20 July 2001). France, the United States, and the Algerian War. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780520925687.
[23]
Benjamin Stora (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. Cornell University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-8014-8916-4.
[24]
Mathilde Von Bulow (22 August 2016). West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-107-08859-7.
[25]
"référendum 1962 Algérie" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. france-politique.fr. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
[26]
"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien. 6 July 1962. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
[27]
France's 'brutal colonial war' （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），BBC News，2001年11月27日。

Algerian War Reading
Algerian Independence Archive at marxists.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The Colonial System and Algerian Nationalism
（法文） Photos of the Algerian War of Independence (ECPAD)
Algerian National Liberation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958 by David Galula （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Audiovisual National Institute's declassified Algeria War archives （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (hundreds of free video: news rushes, interviews, official speeches, retrospectives, etc.)
Algerian War Retrospective （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The African Activist Archive Project （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） website has material related to Algeria including a 1960 photograph of Mary-Louise Hooper with the FLN underground. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Go to Browse and under Africa Coverage choose Algeria.

[Windrow-1] [1]
Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike. The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. 1997: 11. ISBN 9781855326583.

[2] [2]
Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108

[3] [3]
Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.

[4] [4]
George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.

[Young2016-5] [5]
Robert J. C. Young. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. 12 October 2016: 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.

[Aldrich2004-6] [6]
R. Aldrich. Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 10 December 2004: 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.

[Hargreaves2005-7] [7]
Alec G. Hargreaves. Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. 2005: 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.

[8] [8]
"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).

[9] [9]
Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack. Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. 2008: 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.

[Beigbeder2006-10] [10]
Yves Beigbeder. Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2006: 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.

[11] [11]
France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013: 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.

[French_Army_strength-12] [12]
Martin Windrow, The Algerian War 1954–62. p. 17

[13] [13]
存档副本 (PDF). [2019-12-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-08）.

[#1-14] [14]
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.. 1978: 358. ISBN 9781590172186. Authors list列表中的|first1=缺少|last1= (帮助)

[civilians-15] [15]
Algeria: War of independence. Mass Atrocity Endings. [2022-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-14）.:
He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.

Meynier's work cited was: Meynier, Gilbert. Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962. [2022-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-13）.

[democide-16] [16]
Rummel, Rudolph J. STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Table 14.1 B; row 664. [2022-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.

[democide2-17] [17]
Rummel, Rudolph J. STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Table 14.1 B; row 694. [2022-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.

[Horne-18] 引用错误：没有为名为Horne的参考文献提供内容

[google4-19] [19]
Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. 2000: 38 [2017-01-13]. ISBN 9780199241040. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.

[20] [20]
Hobson, Faure L. The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?. Archives Juives. 2009, 42 (2): 67–81 [2022-02-24]. doi:10.3917/aj.422.0067. （原始内容存档于2022-10-13）.

[countrystudies-21] [21]
Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change. countrystudies.us. [2017-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-03）.

[22] [22]
Irwin M. Wall (20 July 2001). France, the United States, and the Algerian War. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780520925687.

[23] [23]
Benjamin Stora (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. Cornell University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-8014-8916-4.

[24] [24]
Mathilde Von Bulow (22 August 2016). West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-107-08859-7.

[25] [25]
"référendum 1962 Algérie" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. france-politique.fr. Retrieved 2017-01-13.

[26] [26]
"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien. 6 July 1962. Retrieved 2009-04-08.

[27] [27]
France's 'brutal colonial war' （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），BBC News，2001年11月27日。

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

Wikiwand in your browser!

阿尔及利亚战争

Wikiwand in your browser!

背景

过程

结果

欧裔居民及哈基人的逃亡

影视

参考文献

外部链接