羊驼冠状病毒

羊驼冠状病毒
病毒分类
（未分级）：	病毒 Virus
域：	核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界：	正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
门：	小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota
纲：	小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes
目：	套式病毒目 Nidovirales
科：	冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae
属：	甲型冠状病毒属 Alphacoronavirus
种：	羊驼冠状病毒 Alpaca Coronavirus

羊驼冠状病毒（Alpaca Coronavirus、ACoV）是甲型冠状病毒属的一种病毒，可感染羊驼，造成急性呼吸道症状。此病毒与人类冠状病毒229E的亲缘关系非常接近，两者序列的相似度高达92.2%。

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研究历史

1998年即有报导指大羊驼与羊驼被冠状病毒感染，造成严重的腹泻症状。2007年，美国加州圈养的羊驼发生急性呼吸道感染，染病者多为怀孕的羊驼，有症状轻微者亦有症状严重致死者，经检验发现为一新型冠状病毒感染所致，即羊驼冠状病毒^[1]。

目前仍没有在野生的羊驼中发现此病毒的纪录，因此此病毒的起源及生态意义尚不明^[2]。

基因组

羊驼冠状病毒为正义单链RNA病毒，具有外膜，其基因组长约27300nt，其序列与人类冠状病毒229E的相似度高达92.2%^[3]，并可能曾与229E病毒发生重组 ^[4]。除冠状病毒皆有的复制酶（1a/1b）和刺突蛋白（S）、膜蛋白（M）、外膜蛋白（E）与衣壳蛋白（N）等四种结构蛋白外，此病毒在刺突蛋白与外膜蛋白的基因之间尚有一开放阅读框ORF4，另外在基因组的最末端有一开放阅读框ORF8（或称ORFX），人类冠状病毒229E不具有ORF8，但该区序列与羊驼冠状病毒等相近病毒的ORF8相似，可能是在演化过程中丢失了此开放阅读框^[4]。

参考文献

[1]
Crossley, Beate M.; Barr, Bradd C.; Magdesian, K. Gary; Ing, Michelle; Mora, Daniel; Jensen, David; Loretti, Alexandre P.; McConnell, Ty; Mock, Richard. Identification of a Novel Coronavirus Possibly Associated with Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos) in California, 2007. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2010, 22 (1): 94–97. ISSN 1040-6387. doi:10.1177/104063871002200118.
[2]
Corman, Victor M.; Eckerle, Isabella; Memish, Ziad A.; Liljander, Anne M.; Dijkman, Ronald; Jonsdottir, Hulda; Juma Ngeiywa, Kisi J. Z.; Kamau, Esther; Younan, Mario; Al Masri, Malakita; Assiri, Abdullah; Gluecks, Ilona; Musa, Bakri E.; Meyer, Benjamin; Müller, Marcel A.; Hilali, Mosaad; Bornstein, Set; Wernery, Ulrich; Thiel, Volker; Jores, Joerg; Drexler, Jan Felix; Drosten, Christian. Link of a ubiquitous human coronavirus to dromedary camels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016, 113 (35): 9864–9869. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604472113.
[3]
Crossley, Beate; Mock, Richard; Callison, Scott; Hietala, Sharon. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Alpaca Respiratory Coronavirus Most Closely Related to the Human Coronavirus 229E. Viruses. 2012, 4 (12): 3689–3700. ISSN 1999-4915. doi:10.3390/v4123689.
[4]
Corman, Victor Max; Baldwin, Heather J.; Tateno, Adriana Fumie; Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim; Annan, Augustina; Owusu, Michael; Nkrumah, Evans Ewald; Maganga, Gael Darren; Oppong, Samuel; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Vallo, Peter; da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira; Leroy, Eric M.; Thiel, Volker; van der Hoek, Lia; Poon, Leo L. M.; Tschapka, Marco; Drosten, Christian; Drexler, Jan Felix; Schultz-Cherry, S. Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats. Journal of Virology. 2015, 89 (23): 11858–11870. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.01755-15.

[CrossleyBarr2010-1] [1]
Crossley, Beate M.; Barr, Bradd C.; Magdesian, K. Gary; Ing, Michelle; Mora, Daniel; Jensen, David; Loretti, Alexandre P.; McConnell, Ty; Mock, Richard. Identification of a Novel Coronavirus Possibly Associated with Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos) in California, 2007. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2010, 22 (1): 94–97. ISSN 1040-6387. doi:10.1177/104063871002200118.

[CormanEckerle2016-2] [2]
Corman, Victor M.; Eckerle, Isabella; Memish, Ziad A.; Liljander, Anne M.; Dijkman, Ronald; Jonsdottir, Hulda; Juma Ngeiywa, Kisi J. Z.; Kamau, Esther; Younan, Mario; Al Masri, Malakita; Assiri, Abdullah; Gluecks, Ilona; Musa, Bakri E.; Meyer, Benjamin; Müller, Marcel A.; Hilali, Mosaad; Bornstein, Set; Wernery, Ulrich; Thiel, Volker; Jores, Joerg; Drexler, Jan Felix; Drosten, Christian. Link of a ubiquitous human coronavirus to dromedary camels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016, 113 (35): 9864–9869. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604472113.

[CrossleyMock2012-3] [3]
Crossley, Beate; Mock, Richard; Callison, Scott; Hietala, Sharon. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Alpaca Respiratory Coronavirus Most Closely Related to the Human Coronavirus 229E. Viruses. 2012, 4 (12): 3689–3700. ISSN 1999-4915. doi:10.3390/v4123689.

[CormanBaldwin2015-4] [4]
Corman, Victor Max; Baldwin, Heather J.; Tateno, Adriana Fumie; Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim; Annan, Augustina; Owusu, Michael; Nkrumah, Evans Ewald; Maganga, Gael Darren; Oppong, Samuel; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Vallo, Peter; da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira; Leroy, Eric M.; Thiel, Volker; van der Hoek, Lia; Poon, Leo L. M.; Tschapka, Marco; Drosten, Christian; Drexler, Jan Felix; Schultz-Cherry, S. Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats. Journal of Virology. 2015, 89 (23): 11858–11870. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.01755-15.

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