羊驼冠状病毒(Alpaca Coronavirus、ACoV)是甲型冠状病毒属的一种病毒,可感染羊驼,造成急性呼吸道症状。此病毒与人类冠状病毒229E的亲缘关系非常接近,两者序列的相似度高达92.2%。
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1998年即有报导指大羊驼与羊驼被冠状病毒感染,造成严重的腹泻症状。2007年,美国加州圈养的羊驼发生急性呼吸道感染,染病者多为怀孕的羊驼,有症状轻微者亦有症状严重致死者,经检验发现为一新型冠状病毒感染所致,即羊驼冠状病毒[1]。
目前仍没有在野生的羊驼中发现此病毒的纪录,因此此病毒的起源及生态意义尚不明[2]。
羊驼冠状病毒为正义单链RNA病毒,具有外膜,其基因组长约27300nt,其序列与人类冠状病毒229E的相似度高达92.2%[3],并可能曾与229E病毒发生重组
[4]。除冠状病毒皆有的复制酶(1a/1b)和刺突蛋白(S)、膜蛋白(M)、外膜蛋白(E)与衣壳蛋白(N)等四种结构蛋白外,此病毒在刺突蛋白与外膜蛋白的基因之间尚有一开放阅读框ORF4,另外在基因组的最末端有一开放阅读框ORF8(或称ORFX),人类冠状病毒229E不具有ORF8,但该区序列与羊驼冠状病毒等相近病毒的ORF8相似,可能是在演化过程中丢失了此开放阅读框[4]。
Crossley, Beate M.; Barr, Bradd C.; Magdesian, K. Gary; Ing, Michelle; Mora, Daniel; Jensen, David; Loretti, Alexandre P.; McConnell, Ty; Mock, Richard. Identification of a Novel Coronavirus Possibly Associated with Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos) in California, 2007. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2010, 22 (1): 94–97. ISSN 1040-6387. doi:10.1177/104063871002200118.
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Crossley, Beate; Mock, Richard; Callison, Scott; Hietala, Sharon. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Alpaca Respiratory Coronavirus Most Closely Related to the Human Coronavirus 229E. Viruses. 2012, 4 (12): 3689–3700. ISSN 1999-4915. doi:10.3390/v4123689.
Corman, Victor Max; Baldwin, Heather J.; Tateno, Adriana Fumie; Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim; Annan, Augustina; Owusu, Michael; Nkrumah, Evans Ewald; Maganga, Gael Darren; Oppong, Samuel; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Vallo, Peter; da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira; Leroy, Eric M.; Thiel, Volker; van der Hoek, Lia; Poon, Leo L. M.; Tschapka, Marco; Drosten, Christian; Drexler, Jan Felix; Schultz-Cherry, S. Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats. Journal of Virology. 2015, 89 (23): 11858–11870. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.01755-15.