天条令状

天条令状或谴责令（希伯来语：חֵרֶם‎）是犹太社区中对个人最高的教会谴责。它是将一个人完全排斥出犹太社区的行为。这种排斥形式类似于天主教会中的“绝罚”。历史上知名的相关事件包括针对巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎以及针对包括托洛茨基和季诺维也夫在内的犹太人布尔什维克的天条令状。^[1]

参考资料

1. Zinoviev cynically referred to this in his eulogy of Uritsky (the chief of the Petrograd Cheka, assassinated on August 30, 1918):

   When we read that in Odessa, under Skoropadsky, the rabbis assembled in special council, and there these representatives of the rich Jews, officially, before the entire world, excommunicated from the Jewish community such Jews as Trotsky and me, your obedient servant, and others - no single hair of any of us has turned gray because of grief"

   ——Zinoviev, Sochineniia, 16:224, quoted in Bezbozhnik [The godless], no. 20 (12 September 1938).