比亚达

比亚达（缅甸语：ပြာသာဒ် IPA：[pjaʔθaʔ] pyatthat）是梵语प्रासाद（prāsāda，意为建于高台上的神庙）的缅甸语音译，在缅甸建筑中指分层的塔顶，分三至七层不等，均为奇数层^[1]。比亚达是缅甸奘寺和宫殿的常见特色^[1]。

每一层的底座为长方形，立面倾斜，呈金字塔形。层与层之间由一盒子形状的结构相接，称莱包（လည်ပေါ် lebaw）^[1]。每层均有金色镶边，为金属板雕，四角有尖状装饰，称为杜因（တုရင် du yin）。比亚达的最顶端是木制塔尖，称丹布（တိုင်ဖူး taing bu）或贡布（ကွန်းဖူး kun bu）。

比亚达依照层数（ဘုံ boun）区别分为三类，三层、五层和七层塔分别名为亚马（yahma）、杜巴（thooba）和杜亚马（thooyahma）^[2]。

比亚达是缅甸建筑历史悠久的特色，起源于蒲甘王朝时期^[3]，阿难陀寺和高杜巴林寺（英语：Gawdawpalin Temple）都有分层塔构造。

比亚达式塔顶具有神圣意义，常见于王室建筑和佛寺^[4]，王宫大殿修有七层塔尖，前六层象征六欲天^[5]，顶层象征着婆罗门教宇宙观念的须弥山顶（မြင်းမိုရ်）^[6]。

依照层数不同，象征的阶层亦不同^[7]。九层塔对应国王，七层对应地方的苏巴诸侯^[8]。

曼德勒敏东王陵
曼德勒王宫宫门
曼德勒王宫
曼德勒的御舟

巴刹 (泰国建筑)（英语：Prasat (Thai architecture)）
普朗塔
须弥塔（英语：Meru tower）
奘房

[1]
Hla, U Kan. Pagan: Development and Town Planning. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 1977, 36 (1): 15–29. JSTOR 989143. doi:10.2307/989143.
[2]
Scott, James George. The Burman, His Life and Notions. BiblioBazaar. 1910: 126. ISBN 978-1-115-23195-4.
[3]
Strachan, Paul. Imperial Pagan: art and architecture of Burma. University of Hawaii Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-8248-1325-3.
[4]
Fraser-Lu, Sylvia. Burmese Crafts: Past and Present. Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 9780195886085 （英语）.
[5]
Ferguson, John. Essays on Burma. Brill Archive. 1981: 53. ISBN 978-90-04-06323-5.
[6]
Michael, Aung-Thwin. Heaven, Earth, and the Supernatural World: Dimensions of the Exemplary Center in Burmese History. Journal of Developing Societies. 1986, 2. ProQuest 1307834694.
[7]
Tilly, Henry L. Wood Carving Of Burma. Burma: Superintendent, Government Printing. 1903.
[8]
Nisbet, John. Burma Under British Rule--and Before. A. Constable. 1901 （英语）.

[:0-1] [1]
Hla, U Kan. Pagan: Development and Town Planning. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 1977, 36 (1): 15–29. JSTOR 989143. doi:10.2307/989143.

[2] [2]
Scott, James George. The Burman, His Life and Notions. BiblioBazaar. 1910: 126. ISBN 978-1-115-23195-4.

[3] [3]
Strachan, Paul. Imperial Pagan: art and architecture of Burma. University of Hawaii Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-8248-1325-3.

[4] [4]
Fraser-Lu, Sylvia. Burmese Crafts: Past and Present. Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 9780195886085 （英语）.

[5] [5]
Ferguson, John. Essays on Burma. Brill Archive. 1981: 53. ISBN 978-90-04-06323-5.

[6] [6]
Michael, Aung-Thwin. Heaven, Earth, and the Supernatural World: Dimensions of the Exemplary Center in Burmese History. Journal of Developing Societies. 1986, 2. ProQuest 1307834694.

[7] [7]
Tilly, Henry L. Wood Carving Of Burma. Burma: Superintendent, Government Printing. 1903.

[8] [8]
Nisbet, John. Burma Under British Rule--and Before. A. Constable. 1901 （英语）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

Wikiwand in your browser!

比亚达

Wikiwand in your browser!

构造

历史

图册

参见

参考文献