梵语文法的主要特征是复杂的动词系统,丰富的名词词尾变化,和广泛使用了合成名词。梵语文法由梵语文法家在两千年多来研习和编撰著。
动词
梵语动词有两种语态:为他(parasmaipada,parasmai = para“对面的、别的”的与格,pada=“句”)和为己(ātmanepada,ātmane = ātman“自己”的与格)。另外还有被动态,是由为己态加-ya-后缀构成的。
有三种时态,现在时、不定时、完成时,现在时有直陈式、命令式和祈愿式三种语式,吠陀经梵文中还有虚拟式,但在后期的文献中已被淘汰。
未来时是从动词词根的第二等加-sya或iṣya构成的,变位跟第一类动词的现在时一样。
动词可以根据现在时态变位分成十大类别。
词根:भू bhū “是”,现在时词根:भव bhava
直陈式 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
为他 | 为己 | ||||||
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | ||
现在时 | 第一人称 | भवामि bhavāmi |
भवावः bhavāvaḥ |
भवामः bhavāmaḥ |
भवे bhave |
भवावहे bhavāvahe |
भवामहे bhavāmahe |
第二人称 | भवसि bhavasi |
भवथः bhavathaḥ |
भवथ bhavatha |
भवसे bhavase |
भवेथे bhavethe |
भवध्वे bhavadhve | |
第三人称 | भवति bhavati |
भवतः bhavataḥ |
भवन्ति bhavanti |
भवते bhavate |
भवेते bhavete |
भवन्ते bhavante | |
非完成过去时 | 第一人称 | अभवम् abhavam |
अभवाव abhavāva |
अभवाम abhavāma |
अभवे abhave |
अभवावहि abhavāvahi |
अभवामहि abhavāmahi |
第二人称 | अभवः abhavaḥ |
अभवतम् abhavatam |
अभवत abhavata |
अभवथाः abhavathāḥ |
अभवेथाम् abhavethām |
अभवध्वम् abhavadhvam | |
第三人称 | अभवत् abhavat |
अभवताम् abhavatām |
अभवन् abhavan |
अभवत abhavata |
अभवेताम् abhavetām |
अभवन्त abhavanta |
命令式 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
为他 | 为己 | |||||
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
第一人称 | भवानि bhavāni |
भवाव bhavāva |
भवाम bhavāma |
भवै bhavai |
भवावहै bhavāvahai |
भवामहै bhavāmahai |
第二人称 | भव bhava |
भवतम् bhavatam |
भवत bhavata |
भवस्व bhavasva |
भवेथाम् bhavethām |
भवध्वम् bhavadhvam |
第三人称 | भवतु bhavatu |
भवताम् bhavatām |
भवन्तु bhavantu |
भवताम् bhavatām |
भवेताम् bhavetām |
भवन्ताम् bhavantām |
祈愿式 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
为他 | 为己 | |||||
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
第一人称 | भवेयम् bhaveyam |
भवेव bhaveva |
भवेम bhavema |
भवेय bhaveya |
भवेवहि bhavevahi |
भवेमहि bhavemahi |
第二人称 | भवेः bhaveḥ |
भवेतम् bhavetam |
भवेत bhaveta |
भवेथाः bhavethāḥ |
भवेयाथाम् bhaveyāthām |
भवेध्वम् bhavedhvam |
第三人称 | भवेत् bhavet |
भवेताम् bhavetām |
भवेयुः bhaveyuḥ |
भवेत bhaveta |
भवेयाताम् bhaveyātām |
भवेरन् bhaveran |
以下是dviṣ“讨厌”的变位:
直陈式 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
为他 | 为己 | ||||||
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | ||
现在时 | 第一人称 | dvéṣmi | dviṣvás | dviṣmás | dviṣé | dviṣváhe | dviṣmáhe |
第二人称 | dvékṣi | dviṣṭhás | dviṣṭhá | dvikṣé | dviṣā́the | dviḍḍhvé | |
第三人称 | dvéṣṭi | dviṣṭás | dviṣánti | dviṣṭé | dviṣā́te | dviṣáte | |
非完成过去时 | 第一人称 | ádveṣam | ádviṣva | ádviṣma | ádviṣi | ádviṣvahi | ádviṣmahi |
第二人称 | ádveṭ | ádviṣṭam | ádvisṭa | ádviṣṭhās | ádviṣāthām | ádviḍḍhvam | |
第三人称 | ádveṭ | ádviṣṭām | ádviṣan | ádviṣṭa | ádviṣātām | ádviṣata |
祈愿式 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
为他 | 为己 | |||||
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
第一人称 | dviṣyā́m | dviṣyā́va | dviṣyā́ma | dviṣīyá | dviṣīvahi | dviṣīmahi |
第二人称 | dviṣyā́s | dviṣyā́tam | dviṣyā́ta | dviṣīthās | dviṣīyāthām | dviṣīdhvam |
第三人称 | dviṣyā́t | dviṣyā́tām | dviṣyur | dviṣīta | dviṣīyātām | dviṣīran |
命令式 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
为他 | 为己 | |||||
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
第一人称 | dvéṣāṇi | dvéṣāva | dvéṣāma | dvéṣāi | dvéṣāvahāi | dvéṣāmahāi |
第二人称 | dviḍḍhí | dviṣṭám | dviṣṭá | dvikṣvá | dviṣāthām | dviḍḍhvám |
第三人称 | dvéṣṭu | dviṣṭā́m | dviṣántu | dviṣṭā́m | dviṣā́tām | dviṣátām |
动词可以根据不定时的构造可分成七类。
-drś 例;“看见”
为他 | 为己 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
第一人称 | dadarśa | dadarśiva | dadarśima | dadrśe | dadrśivahe | dadrśimahe |
第二人称 | dadarśitha | dadrśathur | dadrśa | dadrśiṣe | dadrśāthe | dadrśidhve |
第三人称 | dadarśa | dadrśatur | dadrśur | dadrśe | dadrśāte | dadrśire |
名词
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
主格 | -स् -s (-म् -m) |
-औ -au (-ई -ī) |
-अस् -as (-इ -i) |
宾格 | -अम् -am (-म् -m) |
-औ -au (-ई -ī) |
-अस् -as (-इ -i) |
工具格 | -आ -ā | -भ्याम् -bhyām | -भिस् -bhis |
与格 | -ए -e | -भ्याम् -bhyām | -भ्यस् -bhyas |
离格 | -अस् -as | -भ्याम् -bhyām | -भ्यस् -bhyas |
属格 | -अस् -as | -ओस् -os | -आम् -ām |
方位格 | -इ -i | -ओस् -os | -सु -su |
呼格 | -स् -s (- -) |
-औ -au (-ई -ī) |
-अस् -as (-इ -i) |
-a尾名词是最大的名词类别,短-a尾的名词是阳性或中性,而长-ā尾的名词都是阴性。 名词。
阳性(nara- 男人) | 中性(phala- 水果) | 阴性(senā- 军队) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
主格 | नरः naraḥ |
नरौ narau |
नराः narāḥ |
फलम् phalam |
फले phale |
फलानि phalāni |
सेना senā |
सेने sene |
सेनाः senāḥ |
宾格 | नरम् naram |
नरौ narau |
नरान् narān |
फलम् phalam |
फले phale |
फलानि phalāni |
सेनाम् senām |
सेने sene |
सेनाः senāḥ |
工具格 | नरेण* nareṇa* |
नराभ्याम् narābhyām |
नरैः naraiḥ |
फलेन phalena |
फलाभ्याम् phalābhyām |
फलैः phalaiḥ |
सेनया senayā |
सेनाभ्याम् senābhyām |
सेनाभिः senābhiḥ |
与格 | नराय narāya |
नराभ्याम् narābhyām |
नरेभ्यः narebhyaḥ |
फलाय phalāya |
फलाभ्याम् phalābhyām |
फलेभ्यः phalebhyaḥ |
सेनायै senāyai |
सेनाभ्याम् senābhyām |
सेनाभ्यः senābhyaḥ |
离格 | नरात् narāt |
नराभ्याम् narābhyām |
नरेभ्यः narebhyaḥ |
फलात् phalāt |
फलाभ्याम् phalābhyām |
फलेभ्यः phalebhyaḥ |
सेनायाः senāyāḥ |
सेनाभ्याम् senābhyām |
सेनाभ्यः senābhyaḥ |
属格 | नरस्य narasya |
नरयोः narayoḥ |
नराणाम्* narāṇām* |
फलस्य phalasya |
फलयोः phalayoḥ |
फलानाम् phalānām |
सेनायाः senāyāḥ |
सेनयोः senayoḥ |
सेनानाम् senānām |
方位格 | नरे nare |
नरयोः narayoḥ |
नरेषु nareṣu |
फले phale |
फलयोः phalayoḥ |
फलेषु phaleṣu |
सेनायाम् senāyām |
सेनयोः senayoḥ |
सेनासु senāsu |
呼格 | नर nara |
नरौ narau |
नराः narāḥ |
फल phala |
फले phale |
फलानि phalāni |
सेने sene |
सेने sene |
सेनाः senāḥ |
注*:由于Sandhi的缘故,当名词词根内有r或ṛ时,名词变格里的 न n 变为 ण ṇ 。
i-尾 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
阳性和阴性(gáti- 步法) | 中性(vā́ri- 水) | |||||
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
主格 | gátis | gátī | gátayas | vā́ri | vā́riṇī | vā́rīṇi |
宾格 | gátim | gátī | gátīs | vā́ri | vā́riṇī | vā́rīṇi |
工具格 | gátyā | gátibhyām | gátibhis | vā́riṇā | vā́ribhyām | vā́ribhis |
与格 | gátaye, gátyāi | gátibhyām | gátibhyas | vā́riṇe | vā́ribhyām | vā́ribhyas |
离格 | gátes, gátyās | gátibhyām | gátibhyas | vā́riṇas | vā́ribhyām | vā́ribhyas |
属格 | gátes, gátyās | gátyos | gátīnām | vā́riṇas | vā́riṇos | vā́riṇām |
方位格 | gátāu, gátyām | gátyos | gátiṣu | vā́riṇi | vā́riṇos | vā́riṣu |
呼格 | gáte | gátī | gátayas | vā́ri, vā́re | vā́riṇī | vā́rīṇi |
u-尾 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
阳性和阴性(śátru- 敌人) | 中性(mádhu- 蜂蜜) | |||||
单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
主格 | śátrus | śátrū | śátravas | mádhu | mádhunī | mádhūni |
宾格 | śátrum | śátrū | śátrūn | mádhu | mádhunī | mádhūni |
工具格 | śátruṇā | śátrubhyām | śátrubhis | mádhunā | mádhubhyām | mádhubhis |
与格 | śátrave | śátrubhyām | śátrubhyas | mádhune | mádhubhyām | mádhubhyas |
离格 | śátros | śátrubhyām | śátrubhyas | mádhunas | mádhubhyām | mádhubhyas |
属格 | śátros | śátrvos | śátrūṇām | mádhunas | mádhunos | mádhūnām |
方位格 | śátrāu | śátrvos | śátruṣu | mádhuni | mádhunos | mádhuṣu |
呼格 | śátro | śátrū | śátravas | mádhu | mádhunī | mádhūni |
参考文献
Sanskrit grammars
- W. D. Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects
- W. D. Whitney, The Roots, Verb-Forms and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language: (A Supplement to His Sanskrit Grammar)
- Wackernagel, Debrunner, Altindische Grammatik, Göttingen.
- vol. I. phonology [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Jacob Wackernagel (1896)
- vol. II.1. introduction to morphology, nominal composition, Wackernagel (1905) [2] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- vol. II.2. nominal suffixes, J. Wackernagel and Albert Debrunner (1954)
- vol. III. nominal inflection, numerals, pronouns, Wackernagel and Debrunner (1930)
- B. Delbrück, Altindische Tempuslehre (1876) [3]
Topics in Sanskrit morphology and syntax
- Frits Staal,Word order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar, Foundations of Language, supplementary series 5, Springer (1967), ISBN 978-9027705495.
参见
外部链接
- Vedic Society Sandhi Calculator
- Online tool to perform and undo Sanskrit sandhi effects[永久失效链接]
- Little Red Book (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Sanskrit grammars (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Sanskrit grammar Laghu-Siddanta-Kaumudi (English & Tamil Lectures)
- Sanskrit grammar Video AdiLaghu (English & Tamil)
- 梵佛研 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
Template:Sanskrit language topics
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