咽门化声或空声[1]、呵欠声,是一种发声音质,其特征是喉的降低拖动咽腔垂直扩张。其被称作“咽门化”,因为咽门伸展,并使口腔后部咽门柱明显变窄。发声时,咽部两侧向外扩张,喉部下降并向前倾斜。“呵欠声”比较形象地描述了这种音质的调音方法。其与糙声相反,后者是咽部收缩、喉部抬升时发出的音质。注意咽门化声不应与气声混淆,后者指声带放松,通过声门的气流加速,产生音调更低的音。咽门化声涉及喉部前倾,使声带拉伸,即使咽腔容积变大,还是产生音调更高的音。[2]
Quick Facts 咽门化, ◌͈ ...
咽门化 |
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HTML码(十进制) | ꟸ |
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Unicode码(十六进制) | U+A7F8 |
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标准IPA中没有表示咽门化声的变音符号。文献中出现的变音符号有舌唇变音符[a̼][3]或国际音标拓展的强发音[a͈][2]。VoQS中,表示咽门化声的音质符号是Vꟸ,但一般用于表示一类音的大写字母上。[4]而星号,即IPA用来表示暂无合适符号的标记,可用于标记咽门化声,即:⟨◌͙⟩。
普遍认为丁卡语Bor方言有常态浊声和气声对立。Keith Denning则主张还有另两种音质:咽门化声和糙声。[5]
More information 调音, IPA ...
调音 |
IPA |
词义
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常态浊声
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tɕìt |
腹泻
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气声
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tɕì̤t |
去吧
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糙声
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tɕì᷽t |
蝎子
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咽门化声
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tɕì͈t |
吞
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咽门化声和糙声分别表示趋来(venetive,朝向说话者的动作)与趋向(itive,远离说话者的动作)。丁卡语和其他尼罗河流域语言(如努尔语、Shilluk)中,音质还充当名词单复数之分,但这关系不大规则。[2]下表中,常态浊声(“硬”)与咽门化声(“气”[1]:403)对立。[2]注意咽门化对应趋来动作与名词复数。
More information 丁卡语, 词义[1]:409 ...
丁卡语 |
词义[1]:409
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ɣɛ́n cɔ̀ˑl më̀t̪ |
我叫那男孩
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ɣɛ́n cò͈ò͈l më̀t̪ |
我叫那男孩来(趋来)
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ɣɛ́n cɔ́ɔ́l më̀t̪ |
我叫那男孩走(趋走)
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More information 丁卡语, 词义 ...
丁卡语 |
词义 |
努尔语 |
词义 |
Shilluk |
词义[1]:415
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lé͈ˑì͈ |
牙(单数) |
rí͈ŋ |
肉(单数) |
bàt |
胳膊(单数)
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lêc |
牙(复数) |
ríŋ |
肉(复数) |
bä͈́ä͈̀t |
胳膊(复数)
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Tucker, A. N.; Bryan, M. A. Tucker, A. N; Bryan, M. A , 编. Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. Linguistic Surveys of Africa 18 1st. London: Routledge. 2018 [1966]. ISBN 978-1-138-08975-4. doi:10.4324/9781315104645 (英语).
Edmondson, Jerold A.; John H., Esling. The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register and stress: laryngoscopic case studies. Phonology (Cambridge University Press). August 2006, 23 (2): 157–191. ISSN 0952-6757. S2CID 62531440. doi:10.1017/S095267570600087X (英语).
Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G.; Martín, Deborah; Weisberger, Edward C.; Blackhurst, Lesa. The role of the glottic and epiglottic planes in the phonetic qualities of voice in the Bor Dinka language (Sudan) and other phonetic features: a laryngoscopic study. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.524.5000 .
Ball, Martin J.; Esling, John H.; Dickson, Craig. The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (Cambridge University Press). December 1995, 25 (2): 71–80. ISSN 1475-3502. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005181.
Denning, Keith. The diachronic development of phonological voice quality, with special reference to Dinka and the other Nilotic languages (学位论文). Stanford University. 1989. OCLC 44605367.