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十常侍
东汉宦官 / 维基百科,自由的 encyclopedia
十常侍泛指中国古代东汉灵帝时期(168年-189年在位)操弄政权的张让、赵忠、夏恽、郭胜、孙璋、毕岚、栗嵩、段珪、高望、张恭、韩悝、宋典等十二位宦官,他们因任职中常侍(黄门常侍)被后代史书称十常侍。其中以张让、赵忠最为受宠于灵帝,灵帝亦说:“张常侍是我公,赵常侍是我母。”[1]
史书叙述
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E6%96%B0%E5%88%8A%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3%E5%8F%A4%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3%E9%87%8A%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%97%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89_%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%A6%E6%9E%97%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B0%E6%A0%A1%E5%88%8A%E6%9C%AC_006.jpg/640px-%E6%96%B0%E5%88%8A%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3%E5%8F%A4%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3%E9%87%8A%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%97%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89_%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%A6%E6%9E%97%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B0%E6%A0%A1%E5%88%8A%E6%9C%AC_006.jpg)
《后汉书》记载十常侍之事多不得好评“其封侯贵宠,父兄子弟布列州郡,所在贪残,为人蠹害。”在黄巾之乱时立有大功的皇甫嵩、傅燮却因得罪十常侍,而见谗于朝廷。郎中张钧与清宦吕强因向灵帝请求诛除十常侍,结果被诬陷而死于狱中。
189年灵帝驾崩后,十常侍与当时的朝廷外戚大将军何进矛盾激化,于9月诛杀何进而招致袁绍、袁术等人率军诛灭宦官,十常侍在段珪和首领张让的自尽下画上句点,并标志著中国第一次宦官时代的结束。
戏曲文学
明代小说《三国演义》则以张让、赵忠、封谞、段珪、曹节、侯览、蹇硕、程旷、夏恽、郭胜十名宦官列为“十常侍”。
然而曹节活跃于桓帝后期至灵帝前期,侯览活跃在桓帝时期内,灵帝宠宦蹇硕从未当过中常侍一职。详查东汉史籍可知搬弄朝政的恶宦并不止于十人,《三国演义》所列举应是将汉桓帝与汉灵帝时期在内专擅朝政的十位宦官做为标志代表人物。