克伦语支

克伦语支
克伦语支
使用族群	克伦族
地理分布	印度、缅甸东南部、泰国西部、中国边境地区
谱系学分类	汉藏语系藏缅语族克伦语支; ;
原始语言	原始克伦语
分支	斯高克伦语勃欧语波克伦语
语言代码
ISO 639-2 / 5	kar
	–
ISO 639-6	kree
Glottolog	kare1337

克伦语支，是由约450万克伦族使用的一群声调语言，是藏缅语族的一个支系，分布在缅甸克伦邦、克耶邦、掸邦和邻近地区。^[2]它们在汉藏语系内的归属不明确。^[3]克伦语支语言一般用克伦文书写。^[4]克伦语支下有3种语言：斯高克伦语（通常所说的克伦语）、波克伦语以及勃欧语。克耶语（红克伦语）和巴东语也属于克伦语支。克伦语的语序是主谓宾，和藏缅语族通常的语序主宾谓不同。汉藏语系中，有这种特征的还有白语和汉语。^[5]现在一般认为这是与孟语和台语接触的结果。^[6]

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克伦语支在词法与句法上和其他藏缅语存在相当的不同，因此白保罗 (1972: 2–4, 129)将克伦语置出，归入“藏-克伦语族”，不过这种做法现在已经不再得到接受。^[3]^[6]

常见的地理分类将其分为3部分：

北部: 勃欧语
中部: 多样性最丰富的分类，含克耶语（红克伦语）、克尧语、Bwe（Bghai）、Geba等。

南部: 波克伦语和斯高克伦语

巴东语是北支与中支之间的过渡。^[7]使用人数最多的语言是斯高克伦语、波克伦语和勃欧语。

Manson (2011)

Manson (2011)的克伦语支分类方案如下，每支都有独立的创新：^[8]

克伦语支

外围：位于词首的原清塞音送气（如*p > pʰ）
- 勃欧语
- 波克伦语
北支：鼻音韵尾合流（如*am、*an > aɴ）；韵腹为开元音的塞音韵尾合流（如*aʔ、*a > a）
- 巴东语
- Lahta
- Yinbaw/Kayan
- Yintale
中支：元音高化（如*a > ɛ）
- 克耶语
- Geba、Bwe
- Paku (?)
- Geker/Kayan Geku, Gekho（可能属于中支或南支）
- Kayaw, Manu（可能属于中支或南支）
南支：鼻音韵尾合流，且韵腹高化（如*am、*aŋ > ɔ）
- 斯高克伦语、Paku
- Dermuha, Palaychi

Geker、Gekho、Kayaw、Manu的分类不明确，可能属于中支或南支。

新谷忠彦 (2012)

新谷忠彦 (2012:x)^[9]在他所谓“Brakaloungic”语支中包含了克伦语，分类如下。

Brakaloungic
- 勃欧语
  - 勃欧语
- 克伦语
  - 克耶语-巴东语
    - 克耶语
    - Pado-Thaido-Gekho
      - Thaidai^[10]
      - Pado-Gekho
        Gekho^[11]
        
        巴东语
        巴东语 (Kayan)
        
        Gekho (Yathu Gekho)
  - Bwe
    - Bweba-Kayaw
      - 克尧语
      - Bweba
        Geba
        
        Bwe
  - Sgaw-Pwo
    - 波克伦语
    - Mobwa
      - Mopwa
      - Blimaw^[12]
    - Pako-Sgaw
      - 斯高克伦语
      - Pakubwa
        Paku
        
        Monebwa
        
        Thalebwa

但在出版时，新谷忠彦 (2012)报告说有40多种克伦语和/或方言，其中有许多最近才被记录下来。他还指出，所有Brakaloungic语都受到孟语影响，有些语言还受缅甸语和掸语影响。

巴东语分布在克耶邦、掸邦南部和克伦邦北部。新谷忠彦 (2016)认为下分4支，^[13]分别是Kangan（“低地”）、Kakhaung（“高地”）、Lawi（“南部”）、Latha（“北部”）。^[14]新谷忠彦 (2016)所记Nangki是“高地”语群的一种克耶语，仅见于一个村庄。

Kadaw分布在克耶邦，有鼻化元音而无鼻音韵尾。^[14]其受缅甸语影响多于受掸语影响。Thamidai是另一种克伦语。^[15] 以下是Hsiu (2019)根据新谷忠彦公布的词汇进行的系统发生学分析分类，总体结果类似于新谷忠彦 (2012)的整体结构。^[16]

克伦语支
- 勃欧语
  - 北
  - 南
- 克伦语
  - 巴东语
    - Kayin Phyu
    - Yathu Gekho
    - Thaidai
    - 巴东语：Padaung, Yinbaw, Kangan（“低地”）Kayan, Kakhaung（“高地”）Kayan
    - Gekho：Gekho, Kadaw, Taungmying
    - Nagi (Nangki) Kayan
    - Latha（“北”）Kayan, Zayein
    - Thamidai
  - 克耶语
    - 西部方言, Manaw
    - Yingtalay
  - Manu-Bwe
    - Manu
    - Bwe
      - East Kayaw
      - West Kayaw
      - Bwe
      - Geba
  - Mopwa-Pwo-Sgaw
    - Mopwa, Blimaw
    - Pwo-Sgaw
      - 波克伦语
      - Sgaw cluster
        斯高克伦语
        
        Monebwa, Paku
        
        Thalebwa

Luangthongkum (2019)

Luangthongkum (2019)识别出原始克伦语的北中南3支，但认为3支彼此的关系是不可知的。^[17]

克伦语支

北支
- 北勃欧语
- 南勃欧语
中支
- 巴东语
- 克耶语
- 西Bwe（Blimaw、Geba）
- Kayaw
南支
- 北斯高克伦语
- 南斯高克伦语
- 北波克伦语
- 南波克伦语

注释：西Bwe Karen语群保留了内爆或前声门化阻碍音ɓ/ʔb、ɗ/ʔd，以及清响音hn、hl等。

[1]
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Karenic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为e22的参考文献提供内容
[3]
Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla. The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.
[4]
Burmese/Myanmar script and pronunciation. Omniglot.com. [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-02）.
[5]
The Sino-Tibetan Language Family. Berkeley.edu. [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2006-08-13）.
[6]
Matisoff, James A. Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects. Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews Inc.). 1991, 20: 469–504. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345.
[7]
Solnit, David. Eastern Kayah Li. Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (编). The Sino-Tibetan Languages 2nd. Routledge. 2017: 932–941. ISBN 978-1-138-78332-4. p. 933.
[8]
Manson, Ken. The subgrouping of Karen (PDF). Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2011 [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-09）.
[9]
Shintani Tadahiko (2012). A handbook of comparative Brakaloungic languages. Tokyo: ILCAA.
[10]
Shintani Tadahiko. 2018. The Thaidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 116. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
[11]
Shintani Tadahiko. 2017. The Gokhu language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 111. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
[12]
Shintani, Tadahiko. 2017. The Blimaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 112. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
[13]
Shintani Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
[14]
Shintani Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
[15]
Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Thamidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 126. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
[16]
Hsiu, Andrew. Karenic. Sino-Tibetan Branches Project. 2019 [2023-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-09）.
[17]
Luangthongkum, Theraphan. A View on Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2019, 12 (1): i–lii. ISSN 1836-6821. hdl:10524/52441 .

George van Driem, Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill, 2001.

Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla, The Sino-Tibetan Languages, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0700711295.

Dawkins, Erin and Audra Phillips (2009) A Sociolinguistic Survey of Pwo Karen in Northern Thailand （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Chiang Mai: Payap University.
Dawkins, Erin and Audra Phillips (2009) An investigation of intelligibility between West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen and Northern Pwo Karen （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
Manson, Ken. 2010. A bibliography of Karen linguistics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

构拟

Jones, Robert B. Jr. 1961. Karen linguistic studies: Description, comparison, and texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics 25. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2013. A view on Proto-Karen phonology and lexicon. Unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT.

词表

Shintani, Tadahiko. 2014. The Zayein language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 102. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
Shintani, Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
Shintani, Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

Free Anglo-Karen Dictionary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
A grammar of the Sgaw Karen （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Drum Publication Group （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）—Online Sgaw Karen language materials. Includes an online English - Sgaw Karen Dictionary.
Karen Teacher Working Group （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）—Several Karen fonts available for download.

[Glottolog-1] [1]
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Karenic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[e22-2] 引用错误：没有为名为e22的参考文献提供内容

[Thurgood_LaPolla-3] [3]
Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla. The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.

[4] [4]
Burmese/Myanmar script and pronunciation. Omniglot.com. [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-02）.

[5] [5]
The Sino-Tibetan Language Family. Berkeley.edu. [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2006-08-13）.

[Matisoff_1991-6] [6]
Matisoff, James A. Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects. Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews Inc.). 1991, 20: 469–504. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345.

[7] [7]
Solnit, David. Eastern Kayah Li. Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (编). The Sino-Tibetan Languages 2nd. Routledge. 2017: 932–941. ISBN 978-1-138-78332-4. p. 933.

[8] [8]
Manson, Ken. The subgrouping of Karen (PDF). Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2011 [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-09）.

[Shintani2012-9] [9]
Shintani Tadahiko (2012). A handbook of comparative Brakaloungic languages. Tokyo: ILCAA.

[10] [10]
Shintani Tadahiko. 2018. The Thaidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 116. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

[11] [11]
Shintani Tadahiko. 2017. The Gokhu language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 111. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

[12] [12]
Shintani, Tadahiko. 2017. The Blimaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 112. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

[13] [13]
Shintani Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

[Kadaw-14] [14]
Shintani Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

[15] [15]
Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Thamidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 126. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

[16] [16]
Hsiu, Andrew. Karenic. Sino-Tibetan Branches Project. 2019 [2023-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-09）.

[LT2019-17] [17]
Luangthongkum, Theraphan. A View on Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2019, 12 (1): i–lii. ISSN 1836-6821. hdl:10524/52441 .

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[1]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

Manson (2011)

新谷忠彦 (2012)

Luangthongkum (2019)

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克伦语支

Manson (2011)

新谷忠彦 (2012)

Luangthongkum (2019)

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