东亚人种

东亚人种，是主要分布于包括东亚多个国家境内的多个族群的统称。现代东亚人、东南亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先通过“南路散布”途径南亚进入东南亚大陆，大约在公元前 45,000 年前定居在东亚。截至2020年，东亚地区的总人口为16.77亿，占世界人口的21%。^[1]

人种与民族的含义与范围各有异同。民族主要基于族群的文化认同，而种族主要基于人类的生物学基础。在历史发展过程中，由于文化融合等因素可以使得民族发生变化，同样种族由于族群的融合等因素，作为遗传特征会被保留下来，进而成为研究族群迁移及融合的依据。

东亚人种主要分布于东亚、东南亚、北亚地区，汉族、壮族、傣族、京族、苗族、朝鲜民族、大和民族、阿伊努族、白族、回族、满族、蒙古族、蒙古语族群、尼夫赫人、羌族、琉球族、藏族以及雅库特人都是东亚人。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]东南亚人和西伯利亚人与东亚人关系密切，与美洲原住民有着部分共同的祖先。主要的东亚语系是汉藏语系、日语系、阿伊努语系、蒙古语系、通古斯语系、苗族语系、侗台语系、南岛语系和南亚语系。

在智人在世界上定居的过程中，大约在 50,000 年前（50 kya）到达了东亚。早期的“走出非洲”血统（70 kya）在西南亚某处以大约 50 kya 的距离分化为可识别的东亚和西欧亚血统。早期的东亚人使用一条穿过印度的南方路线进入东南亚。这个早期的东亚血统在末次盛冰期进一步分化，从东亚大陆传出，通过白令陆路约 25 kya 对美洲人口做出了重大贡献。早期东亚人群可能在大约 35,000 年前的中国某个地方已经初步形成。^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]。

从 Y-DNA 研究来看，东欧亚父系血统似乎在大约 50,000 年前从一个单一来源的人群在亚洲扩展，该人群带有父系遗传C、D 和 K（N、O、P、M 和 S)，但这群人同时也是北欧亚人与大洋洲相关人群的祖先。母系(B、F、M7、A、C、D、M等). 他们穿越喜马拉雅山脉，前往东南亚^[14]。

根据目前流行的假说，一个独特的“基础东亚人口”（称为“东亚和东南亚血统”（简称：“ESEA”）；是现代东亚人、东南亚矮黑人、东南亚人、波利尼西亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先），起源于东南亚大陆（约公元前 45,000 年），并通过多次向南和向北的移民浪潮扩张。这种“ESEA 血统”也是东南亚 Hoabinhian（尼格利陀人）狩猎采集者和中国北方发现的天元血统（~40,000BCe）的祖先。“ESEA”血统来自更广泛的“东欧亚”人群，它也是美洲原住民、古印度土著 (“AASI”) 和澳大利亚人 (“AA”) 的祖先。但值得注意的是，东南亚 Hoabinhian（尼格利陀人）不是现代东南亚人的主要祖先来源，现代东南亚人来自更晚近的东亚人群。^[15]。

中南大学最近的研究（2019年和2020年）揭示了表征东亚人的独特基因和DNA谱系。东亚人可以与欧洲人和非洲人区分开来^[17]^[18]。

最新的遗传学研究，认为智人在出非洲后，首先在距今四万到五万年前，分化为西欧亚人（英语：Ancient West Eurasians）(West Eurasian)与东欧亚人（英语：Ancient Eest Eurasians）(East Eurasian)两个人群，东欧亚人之后又在分化成东亚人(East Asian)、大洋洲人群、古印度土著(AASI)、和平文化人群、绳纹人等人群。之后东亚人在约距今两万年前，又在分化成了北东亚人（英语：Ancient Northern East Asian）(Northern East Asian)与南东亚人(Southern East Asian)，北东亚人是新石器黄河农夫、古东北亚人与新西伯利亚人的主要基因来源，而南东亚人是新石器长江农夫与现代东南亚人的主要基因来源。现代中国人是在距今万年以内，由北东亚人与南东亚人混合而形成的。^[19] ^[20]^[21]^[22]

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[2]
Vickers, Edward. History Education and National Identity in East Asia. 2010: 125October 21, 2010. ISBN 978-0415948081.
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Ivanova R, Astrinidis A, Lepage V; 等. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in the Vietnamese population. Eur. J. Immunogenet. December 1999, 26 (6): 417–22. PMID 10583463.
[5]
Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation . (2017). The Genographic Project. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from link.
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Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea. Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago. Science Advances. 2017, 3 (2): e1601877February 1, 2017. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. PMC 5287702 . PMID 28164156. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877.;
Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体). 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5.;
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体). April 6, 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5.;
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Sloan, Kathleen; Krimsky, Sheldon. Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture. Columbia University Press. 2011: 156. ISBN 978-0231156967.;
Herreria, Carla. Basically Nobody Knows Who Counts As An Asian Person. The Huffington Post. May 17, 2017 [June 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档于May 9, 2018）.;
Lin, Yu-Cheng; Wang, Mao-Jiun J.; Wang, Eric M. The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia. Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Applied Ergonomics (Elsevier Ltd.). June 23, 2003, 35 (2): 173–8 [2003]. PMID 15105079. S2CID 6640984. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.004.;
Machery, Edouard; O'Neill, Elizabeth. Current Controversies in Experimental Philosophy (Current Controversies in Philosophy). Routledge. 2014: 6February 28, 2014. ISBN 978-0415519670.;
Ludwig, Theodore M. Spiritual Care in Nursing Practice. LWW. 2003: 165. ISBN 978-0781740968.;
Shaules, Joseph. Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living. Multilingual Matters. 2007: 43. ISBN 978-1847690173.;
Kowner, Rotem; Demel, Walter. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions 1st. Brill Academic Publishing. 2014: 41. ISBN 978-9004285507.;
Leach, Mark M. Cultural Diversity and Suicide: Ethnic, Religious, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Perspectives. Routledge. 2006: 127. ISBN 978-0789030184.;
Leibo, Steve. East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017. Rowman & Littlefield. 2016: 1. ISBN 978-1475829068.;
Steinberg, Shirley R.; Kehler, Michael; Cornish, Lindsay. Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood. June 17, 2010: 58. ISBN 978-0313350801.;
Salkind, Neil J. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology. Sage Publications. 2008: 56. ISBN 978-1412916882.;
Minahan, James B. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2014: xx–xxvi. ISBN 978-1610690171.;
Stodolska, Monika. Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Practice. Human Kinetics. 2013: 229. ISBN 978-0736094528.;
Lim, SK. Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. 2011-11-01: 56. ISBN 978-9812295941.
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Leonardo Vallini, Giulia Marciani, Serena Aneli, Eugenio Bortolini, Stefano Benazzi, Telmo Pievani, Luca Pagani. Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa. academic.oup.com. 2022-04-07 [2023-04-28].
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Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro. Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations. Communications Biology. 2020-08-25, 3 (1). ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786 . PMID 32843717. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 （英语）.
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Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D. Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans. Nature. 2018-01, 553 (7687) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature25173. （原始内容存档于2022-09-28）（英语）.
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Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; Quinto-Sánchez, Mirsha; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Camilo Chacón-Duque, Juan; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Lozano, Rodrigo Barquera; Pérez, Gastón Macín; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge. A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation. Nature Communications. 2016-05-19, 7 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4874031 . PMID 27193062. doi:10.1038/ncomms11616. （原始内容存档于2022-11-04）（英语）.
[12]
Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021-03-30, 118 (13) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671 . PMID 33753512. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. （原始内容存档于2023-04-09）（英语）.
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埃里克斯·瑞里（Alex Riley），西藏人如何在“世界屋脊”生存

[1] [1]
East Asia Countries Total Population. [2020-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-09）.

[2] [2]
Vickers, Edward. History Education and National Identity in East Asia. 2010: 125October 21, 2010. ISBN 978-0415948081.

[3] [3]
Demel, Walter; Kowner, Rotem. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Interactions, Nationalism, Gender and Lineage. Brill. 2015: 255April 23, 2015. ISBN 978-9004292925.

[4] [4]
Ivanova R, Astrinidis A, Lepage V; 等. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in the Vietnamese population. Eur. J. Immunogenet. December 1999, 26 (6): 417–22. PMID 10583463.

[5] [5]
Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation . (2017). The Genographic Project. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from link.

[6] [6]
Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea. Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago. Science Advances. 2017, 3 (2): e1601877February 1, 2017. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. PMC 5287702 . PMID 28164156. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877.;
Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体). 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5.;
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体). April 6, 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5.;
Introducing East Asian Peoples (PDF). International Mission Board. September 10, 2016 [June 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于May 13, 2018）.;
Sloan, Kathleen; Krimsky, Sheldon. Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture. Columbia University Press. 2011: 156. ISBN 978-0231156967.;
Herreria, Carla. Basically Nobody Knows Who Counts As An Asian Person. The Huffington Post. May 17, 2017 [June 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档于May 9, 2018）.;
Lin, Yu-Cheng; Wang, Mao-Jiun J.; Wang, Eric M. The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia. Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Applied Ergonomics (Elsevier Ltd.). June 23, 2003, 35 (2): 173–8 [2003]. PMID 15105079. S2CID 6640984. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.004.;
Machery, Edouard; O'Neill, Elizabeth. Current Controversies in Experimental Philosophy (Current Controversies in Philosophy). Routledge. 2014: 6February 28, 2014. ISBN 978-0415519670.;
Ludwig, Theodore M. Spiritual Care in Nursing Practice. LWW. 2003: 165. ISBN 978-0781740968.;
Shaules, Joseph. Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living. Multilingual Matters. 2007: 43. ISBN 978-1847690173.;
Kowner, Rotem; Demel, Walter. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions 1st. Brill Academic Publishing. 2014: 41. ISBN 978-9004285507.;
Leach, Mark M. Cultural Diversity and Suicide: Ethnic, Religious, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Perspectives. Routledge. 2006: 127. ISBN 978-0789030184.;
Leibo, Steve. East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017. Rowman & Littlefield. 2016: 1. ISBN 978-1475829068.;
Steinberg, Shirley R.; Kehler, Michael; Cornish, Lindsay. Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood. June 17, 2010: 58. ISBN 978-0313350801.;
Salkind, Neil J. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology. Sage Publications. 2008: 56. ISBN 978-1412916882.;
Minahan, James B. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2014: xx–xxvi. ISBN 978-1610690171.;
Stodolska, Monika. Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Practice. Human Kinetics. 2013: 229. ISBN 978-0736094528.;
Lim, SK. Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. 2011-11-01: 56. ISBN 978-9812295941.

[7] [7]
Leonardo Vallini, Giulia Marciani, Serena Aneli, Eugenio Bortolini, Stefano Benazzi, Telmo Pievani, Luca Pagani. Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa. academic.oup.com. 2022-04-07 [2023-04-28].

[8] [8]
Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro. Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations. Communications Biology. 2020-08-25, 3 (1). ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786 . PMID 32843717. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 （英语）.

[9] [9]
Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D. Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans. Nature. 2018-01, 553 (7687) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature25173. （原始内容存档于2022-09-28）（英语）.

[10] [10]
Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia. Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2770-5005. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. （原始内容存档于2023-04-16）（英语）.

[11] [11]
Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; Quinto-Sánchez, Mirsha; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Camilo Chacón-Duque, Juan; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Lozano, Rodrigo Barquera; Pérez, Gastón Macín; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge. A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation. Nature Communications. 2016-05-19, 7 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4874031 . PMID 27193062. doi:10.1038/ncomms11616. （原始内容存档于2022-11-04）（英语）.

[12] [12]
Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021-03-30, 118 (13) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671 . PMID 33753512. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. （原始内容存档于2023-04-09）（英语）.

[13] [13]
Bae, Christopher J.; Douka, Katerina; Petraglia, Michael D. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives. Science. 2017-12-08, 358 (6368) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.aai9067. （原始内容存档于2023-05-17）（英语）.

[14] [14]
Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris. A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes. Human Genetics. 2021-02-01, 140 (2). ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 7864842 . PMID 32666166. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9 （英语）.

[15] [15]
Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia. Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2770-5005. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. （原始内容存档于2023-04-16）（英语）.

[16] [16]
Changmai, Piya; Pinhasi, Ron; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Stark, Miriam T.; Ikehara-Quebral, Rona Michi; Reich, David; Flegontov, Pavel. Ancient DNA from Protohistoric Period Cambodia indicates that South Asians admixed with local populations as early as 1st–3rd centuries CE. Scientific Reports. 2022-12-29, 12 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9800559 . PMID 36581666. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26799-3 （英语）.

[17] [17]
Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA. [2020-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-18）.

[18] [18]
Ancient Y chromosomes confirm origin of modern human paternal lineages in Asia rather than Africa. [2020-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-16）.

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东亚人种

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东亚人种

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历史和遗传起源

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