耶路撒冷围城战 (70年)

耶路撒冷围城战是第一次犹太–罗马战争期间的一场战役，当时提图斯率领下的罗马帝国军队围攻耶路撒冷。经过五个月的围困后，罗马帝国军队攻入耶路撒冷，并摧毁该城市以及第二圣殿。 ^[1]^[2]^[3]

70年4月，当时正值逾越节的前三天，罗马帝国军队开始围攻耶路撒冷 ^[4]^[5]。在开始围攻后的三周内，罗马军队就攻破了城市的最外围的两堵城墙，但但犹太人依然在第三堵城墙对抗罗马帝国。 ^[4]^[6]

70年8月30日，^[7]罗马军队攻入耶路撒冷并放火焚烧了第二圣殿。 ^[8] 犹太人继续抵抗一个月，但最终整个耶路撒冷被占领，城市被夷为平地。提图斯只留下了希律堡的三座塔楼。^[9]^[10]罗马帝国当局为了庆祝攻占耶路撒冷，在罗马举办凯旋仪式，并修建两座凯旋门以示纪念。罗马帝国当局还向公众展出从第二圣殿抢来的宝物。 ^[11]

战争结束后，罗马帝国在耶路撒冷废墟上建立第十海峡军团的军营^[12]^[13]以及罗马殖民地爱利亚加比多连。犹太人被禁止进入耶路撒冷。^[14]^[15]^[16]这一系列的举措通常被认为是巴尔科赫巴起义的导火索之一。 ^[17]^[18]

参考文献

[1]
Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit. Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research. BRILL. 2019: 3 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6. OCLC 1170143447. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）. The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. [...] Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins. In 约130 CE, the Roman emperor Hadrian founded a new city in place of Herodian Jerusalem next to the military camp. He honored the city with the status of a colony and named it Aelia Capitolina and possibly also forbidding Jews from entering its boundaries
[2]
Westwood, Ursula. A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74. Journal of Jewish Studies. 2017-04-01, 68 (1): 189–193 [2023-10-18]. ISSN 0022-2097. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.
[3]
Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana. The Lower City of Jerusalem on the Eve of Its Destruction, 70 CE: A View From Hanyon Givati. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 2011, 364: 61–85 [2023-10-18]. ISSN 0003-097X. S2CID 164199980. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.
[4]
Schäfer, Peter. The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab. Conquest Routledge. 2003: 129–130. ISBN 978-1-134-40317-2.
[5]
犹太战史 Book V, sect. 99 (Ch. 3, paragraph 1 in Whiston's translation); dates given are approximations since the correspondence between the calendar Josephus used and modern calendars is uncertain.
[6]
Si Shepperd, The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74, (Osprey Publishing), p. 62.
[7]
Bunson, Matthew. A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press. 1995: 212 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-0-19-510233-8. （原始内容存档于2023-08-30）（English）.
[8]
The destruction of both the 所罗门圣殿 and Second Temples is still mourned annually during the Jewish fast of 圣殿被毁日.
[9]
Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period（英语：Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period）, pp. 51–52.
[10]
Goodman, Martin. Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations. Penguin. 2008: 25. ISBN 978-0-14-029127-8. OCLC 1016414322. The capitulation of the rest of Jerusalem was rapid. Those parts of the lower city already under Roman control were deliberately set on fire. The erection of new towers to break down the walls of the upper city was completed on 7 Elul (in mid-August), and the troops forced their way in. By 8 Elul the whole city was in Roman hands – and in ruins. In recompense for the ferocious fighting they had been required to endure, the soldiers were given free rein to loot and kill, until eventually Titus ordered that the city be razed to the ground, 'leaving only the loftiest of the towers, Phasael, Hippicus and Mariamme, and the portion of the wall enclosing the city on the west: the latter as an encampment for the garrison that was to remain, and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of the city and of the strong defences which had yet yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall encompassing the city was so completely levelled to the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited.'
[11]
Maclean Rogers, Guy. For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2021: 3–5 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-0-300-26256-8. OCLC 1294393934. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.
[12]
Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit, The Camp of the Legion X Fretensis, Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period (Brill), 2019-12-09: 19–50 [2022-05-19], ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6, doi:10.1163/9789004417076_003, After the destruction of the Herodian city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion was established on part of the ruins to guard the former center of the revolt. This is clearly stated by Josephus (Jos. BJ, 7:1–5, 17; Vita, 422); it can be understood from the text of a diploma of 93 CE: “(veterani) qui militaverunt Hierosolymnis in legione X Fretense”, and it is also clear from epigraphic finds from the town. A bulk of military small finds recovered from several sites around the Old City indicates the presence of the XFretensis in Jerusalem
[13]
Geva, Hillel. The Camp of the Tenth Legion in Jerusalem: An Archaeological Reconsideration. Israel Exploration Journal. 1984, 34 (4): 239–254 [2023-10-18]. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27925952. （原始内容存档于2023-05-07）.
[14]
Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome. Mohr Siebeck. 2003: 36– [4 December 2011]. ISBN 978-3-16-148076-8. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.
[15]
Lehmann, Clayton Miles. Palestine: History. The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. The University of South Dakota. 22 February 2007 [18 April 2007]. （原始内容存档于10 March 2008）.
[16]
Cohen, Shaye J. D. Hershel Shanks , 编. Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 AD. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. 1996: 196.
[17]
Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah. Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period: In Light of Archaeological Research. Brill. 2019: 54–58. ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6.
[18]
Jacobson, David. The Enigma of the Name Īliyā (= Aelia) for Jerusalem in Early Islam. Revision 4. [December 23, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-16）.

[:0-1] [1]
Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit. Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research. BRILL. 2019: 3 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6. OCLC 1170143447. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）. The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. [...] Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins. In 约130 CE, the Roman emperor Hadrian founded a new city in place of Herodian Jerusalem next to the military camp. He honored the city with the status of a colony and named it Aelia Capitolina and possibly also forbidding Jews from entering its boundaries

[:4-2] [2]
Westwood, Ursula. A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74. Journal of Jewish Studies. 2017-04-01, 68 (1): 189–193 [2023-10-18]. ISSN 0022-2097. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.

[:2-3] [3]
Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana. The Lower City of Jerusalem on the Eve of Its Destruction, 70 CE: A View From Hanyon Givati. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 2011, 364: 61–85 [2023-10-18]. ISSN 0003-097X. S2CID 164199980. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.

[Schäfer-4] [4]
Schäfer, Peter. The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab. Conquest Routledge. 2003: 129–130. ISBN 978-1-134-40317-2.

[War_of_the_Jews-5] [5]
犹太战史 Book V, sect. 99 (Ch. 3, paragraph 1 in Whiston's translation); dates given are approximations since the correspondence between the calendar Josephus used and modern calendars is uncertain.

[6] [6]
Si Shepperd, The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74, (Osprey Publishing), p. 62.

[7] [7]
Bunson, Matthew. A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press. 1995: 212 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-0-19-510233-8. （原始内容存档于2023-08-30）（English）.

[8] [8]
The destruction of both the 所罗门圣殿 and Second Temples is still mourned annually during the Jewish fast of 圣殿被毁日.

[Rocca2008_p.51-52-9] [9]
Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period（英语：Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period）, pp. 51–52.

[:1-10] [10]
Goodman, Martin. Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations. Penguin. 2008: 25. ISBN 978-0-14-029127-8. OCLC 1016414322. The capitulation of the rest of Jerusalem was rapid. Those parts of the lower city already under Roman control were deliberately set on fire. The erection of new towers to break down the walls of the upper city was completed on 7 Elul (in mid-August), and the troops forced their way in. By 8 Elul the whole city was in Roman hands – and in ruins. In recompense for the ferocious fighting they had been required to endure, the soldiers were given free rein to loot and kill, until eventually Titus ordered that the city be razed to the ground, 'leaving only the loftiest of the towers, Phasael, Hippicus and Mariamme, and the portion of the wall enclosing the city on the west: the latter as an encampment for the garrison that was to remain, and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of the city and of the strong defences which had yet yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall encompassing the city was so completely levelled to the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited.'

[:7-11] [11]
Maclean Rogers, Guy. For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2021: 3–5 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-0-300-26256-8. OCLC 1294393934. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.

[12] [12]
Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit, The Camp of the Legion X Fretensis, Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period (Brill), 2019-12-09: 19–50 [2022-05-19], ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6, doi:10.1163/9789004417076_003, After the destruction of the Herodian city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion was established on part of the ruins to guard the former center of the revolt. This is clearly stated by Josephus (Jos. BJ, 7:1–5, 17; Vita, 422); it can be understood from the text of a diploma of 93 CE: “(veterani) qui militaverunt Hierosolymnis in legione X Fretense”, and it is also clear from epigraphic finds from the town. A bulk of military small finds recovered from several sites around the Old City indicates the presence of the XFretensis in Jerusalem

[13] [13]
Geva, Hillel. The Camp of the Tenth Legion in Jerusalem: An Archaeological Reconsideration. Israel Exploration Journal. 1984, 34 (4): 239–254 [2023-10-18]. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27925952. （原始内容存档于2023-05-07）.

[Schäfer2003-14] [14]
Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome. Mohr Siebeck. 2003: 36– [4 December 2011]. ISBN 978-3-16-148076-8. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.

[erp-places-15] [15]
Lehmann, Clayton Miles. Palestine: History. The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. The University of South Dakota. 22 February 2007 [18 April 2007]. （原始内容存档于10 March 2008）.

[16] [16]
Cohen, Shaye J. D. Hershel Shanks , 编. Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 AD. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. 1996: 196.

[Weksler-Bdolah2019-17] [17]
Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah. Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period: In Light of Archaeological Research. Brill. 2019: 54–58. ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6.

[Jacobson-18] [18]
Jacobson, David. The Enigma of the Name Īliyā (= Aelia) for Jerusalem in Early Islam. Revision 4. [December 23, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-16）.

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