瑟古德·马歇尔(英语:Thurgood Marshall,1908年7月2日—1993年1月24日),美国民权律师和法学家,1967年至1991年间担任美国最高法院大法官,他是第一位担任此职的非裔美国人。
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在担任大法官前,马歇尔曾在布朗诉托皮卡教育局案中担任原告律师,主张南方各州实施的种族隔离政策违反美国宪法第十四修正案,在最高法院获得胜诉。布朗案因宣告种族隔离政策违宪而成为美国历史上一个里程碑式的判决,美国前总统小布什称其为“一个使美国永远更好的判决”。
1965年,马歇尔获林登·约翰逊总统提名出任副总检察长。
1967年,因汤姆·克拉克大法官退休,马歇尔被约翰逊总统提名接替克拉克席位,约翰逊表示“这是一个正确的决定、在正确的时间、将最适合的人安排到最适合的地方。”在参议院以69比11票通过。
1991年,马歇尔因病辞去大法官之职,而马歇尔并不希望在共和党总统老布什执政时辞职,嘱咐法官助理如果仍是共和党总统执政,即使他死了,也要将他撑起来,继续投票。”[2]。布什总统后来提名保守派的克拉伦斯·托马斯继任马歇尔席位。
- Abraham, Henry J. Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court 3rd. New York: Oxford University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
- Bland, Randall W. (1993). Private Pressure on Public Law: The Legal Career of Justice Thurgood Marshall 1934–1991. New York: University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-8736-4
- Cushman, Clare. The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 2nd. (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). 2001. ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
- Frank, John P. Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. , 编. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. 1995. ISBN 978-0-7910-1377-9.
- Hall, Kermit L. (编). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2.
- Hodges, Ruth A., Reference Librarian. Justice Thurgood Marshall: A Selected Bibliography, (Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Washington, DC, February 1993).
- James Jr, Rawn. Root and Branch: Charles Hamilton Houston, Thurgood Marshall, and the Struggle to End Segregation. Bloomsbury Press. 2010 [2021-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-01).
- Kallen, Stuart A. (编). Thurgood Marshall: A Dream of Justice for All. Abdo and Daughters. 1993. ISBN 1-56239-258-1.
- Mack, Kenneth W., (2012). Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04687-0.
- Marshall, Thurgood (1950). "Mr. Justice Murphy and Civil Rights." 48 Michigan Law Review 745.
- Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. 1990. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
- Tushnet, Mark V. (1994). Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936–1961. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510468-4;
- Tushnet, Mark V. (1997). Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961–1991. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509314-3 pp., 256.
- Urofsky, Melvin I. The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. 1994: 590. ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8.
- Vile, John R. (编). Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia 1. Santa Barbara: ABC–CLIO. 2003. ISBN 978-1-57607-989-8..
- Watson, Bradley C. S. The Jurisprudence of William Joseph Brennan, Jr., and Thurgood Marshall. Frost, Bryan-Paul; Sikkenga, Jeffrey (编). History of American Political Thought. Lexington: Lexington Books. 2003. ISBN 0-7391-0623-6.
- White, G. Edward (2007), The American Judicial Tradition: Profiles of Leading American Judges (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513962-4.
- Williams, Juan, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (New York: New York Times, 1998). Promotional site for book ISBN 0-8129-3299-4; ISBN 978-0-8129-3299-7.
- Woodward, Robert; Armstrong, Scott. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. New York. 1979. ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9.
- C-SPAN内的页面(英文):
- Fox, John, "Biographies of the Robes: Thurgood Marshall" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Expanding Civil Rights, Public Broadcasting Service.
- Oyez, "Thurgood Marshall" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), official Supreme Court media.
- Oral History Interview with Thurgood Marshall, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
- FBI file on Thurgood Marshall (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Long, Michael G., "The Vetting of Thurgood Marshall — and a Lesson for Today" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Chicago Tribune, July 15, 2018, via Portside.
- Image of Thurgood Marshall, Hyman Rickover and Newton Minow at convocation "Prospects for Democracy" at Beverly Hilton, California, 1963. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
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